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A surrogacy arrangement or surrogacy agreement is the carrying of a pregnancy for intended parents. There are two main types of surrogacy, gestational surrogacy (also known as host or full surrogacy) which was first achieved in April 1986 〔http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20096199,00.html〕 and traditional surrogacy (also known as partial, genetic, or straight surrogacy〔). In gestational surrogacy, the pregnancy results from the transfer of an embryo created by ''in vitro'' fertilization (IVF), in a manner so the resulting child is genetically unrelated to the surrogate. Gestational surrogates are also referred to as gestational carriers. In traditional surrogacy, the surrogate is impregnated naturally or artificially, but the resulting child is genetically related to the surrogate. In the United States, gestational surrogacy is more common than traditional surrogacy and is considered less legally complex.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.webmd.com/infertility-and-reproduction/guide/using-surrogate-mother )〕 Intended parents may seek a surrogacy arrangement when either pregnancy is medically impossible, pregnancy risks present an unacceptable danger to the mother's health or is a same sex couple's preferred method of procreation. Monetary compensation may or may not be involved in these arrangements. If the surrogate receives compensation beyond reimbursement of medical and other reasonable expenses, the arrangement is considered commercial surrogacy; otherwise, it is referred to as altruistic. The legality and costs of surrogacy vary widely between jurisdictions, sometimes resulting in interstate or international surrogacy arrangements. ==History== Having another woman bear a child for a couple to raise, usually with the male half of the couple as the genetic father, is referred to in antiquity. Babylonian law and custom allowed this practice, and infertile woman could use the practice to avoid a divorce, which would otherwise be inevitable. Many developments in medicine, social customs, and legal proceedings worldwide paved the way for modern commercial surrogacy: * 1930s In the U.S., pharmaceutical companies Schering-Kahlbaum and Parke-Davis started the mass production of estrogen. * 1944 Harvard Medical School professor John Rock broke ground by becoming the first person to fertilize human ova outside the uterus. * 1953 Researchers successfully performed the first cryopreservation of sperm. * 1971 The first commercial sperm bank opened in New York, which spurred the growth of this type of business into a highly profitable venture. * 1978 Louise Brown, the first test-tube baby, was born in England. She was the product of the first successful IVF procedure. * 1980 Michigan lawyer Noel Keane wrote the first surrogacy contract. He continued his work with surrogacy through his Infertility Center, through which he created the contract leading to the Baby M case. * 1985 A woman carried the first successful gestational surrogate pregnancy. * 1986 Melissa Stern, otherwise known as "Baby M," was born in the U.S. The surrogate and biological mother, Mary Beth Whitehead, refused to cede custody of Melissa to the couple with whom she made the surrogacy agreement. The courts of New Jersey found that Whitehead was the child's legal mother and declared contracts for surrogate motherhood illegal and invalid. However, the court found it in the best interest of the infant to award custody of Melissa to the child's biological father, William Stern, and his wife Elizabeth Stern, rather than to Whitehead, the surrogate mother. * 1990 In California, gestational carrier Anna Johnson refused to give up the baby to intended parents Mark and Crispina Calvert. The couple sued her for custody (''Calvert v. Johnson''), and the court upheld their parental rights. In doing so, it legally defined the true mother as the woman who, according to the surrogacy agreement, intends to create and raise a child. *1994 * * Latin American fertility specialists convened in Chile to discuss assisted reproduction and its ethical and legal status. * * The Chinese Ministry of Health banned gestational surrogacy because of the legal complications of defining true parenthood and possible refusal by surrogates to relinquish a baby. * 2009 The Chinese government increased enforcement of the gestational-surrogacy ban, and Chinese women began coming forth with complaints of forced abortions. Surrogacy has the potential for various kinds of clash between surrogate mothers and intended parents. For instance, the intended parents of the fetus may ask for an abortion when complications arise and the surrogate mother may oppose the abortion.〔("Surrogate Mother Sues over Demand for Abortion" ). ''The Independent''. Retrieved February 14, 2011.〕〔("New Hampshire Surrogacy Law: What No One Wants to Talk About" ). Retrieved August 23, 2014.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Surrogacy」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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