|
The Susquehannock people, also called the Conestoga (by the English〔 〕) were Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans who lived in areas adjacent to the Susquehanna River and its tributaries from its upper reaches in the southern part of what is now New York (and the lands of the Five Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy), through East-central and central Pennsylvania (West of the Poconos and the Delaware nations), with lands extending beyond the mouth of the Susquehanna in Maryland along the west bank of the Potomac〔Henry George Hahn, Carl Behm, ''Towson: A Pictorial History of a Maryland Town'', pgs. 12-13, Baltimore, MD: Donning Co., 1977, ISBN 0-915442-36-1〕 at the north end of the Chesapeake Bay. Evidence of their habitation has also been found in West Virginia. The Cumberland Narrows pass, later called the Nemacolin Trail, abutted their range and it was likely navigable through valleys from their large settlement at Conestoga, Pennsylvania. == Names and endonym == As Europeans penetrated the interior from the coastal areas dominated by Algonquian-speaking tribes, they usually learned the names of new tribes by what the first groups called them. The Europeans adapted or transliterated these names according to their own languages and spelling systems, trying to capture the sounds of the names. In their own language, the Susquehannock identified as the ''Andaste,'' which is the most likely endonym. The exact pronunciation was likely some similar sequence of phonemes which referred to their palisade-style of construction. * The Huron, another Iroquoian-speaking people, called these people ''Andastoerrhonon'', meaning "people of the blackened ridge pole", related to their building practices.〔Wallace: ''Indians in Pennsylvania''〕); * The French adapted the Huron term and called them the ''Andaste'' (Andastes in plural); * The Lenape/Delaware, an Algonquian people, used an ethnonym for their traditional enemy, ''Mengwe'', which meant "without penis" 〔Brinton, 81〕 or ''Miqui'', which means "foreign, different, far off."〔Brinton, 85〕 the Dutch and Swedes derived their term of ''Minquas'' for the people from this term. The Lenape also used the term ''Sisawehak Hanna Len'' or "Oyster River People."〔Brinton, 132〕 * The Powhatan-speaking peoples of coastal Virginia (also Algonquian) called the tribe the ''Sasquesahanough.'' * The English of Maryland and Virginia transliterated the Powhatan term, referring to the people as the ''Susquehannock.'' * The English of Pennsylvania in the late eighteenth century called them the Conestoga,〔 derived from their village in Pennsylvania known as Conestoga Town. Its name was based on the Iroquoian term, ''Kanastoge'', possibly meaning "place of the upright pole."〔Marianne Mithun. 1981. "Stalking the Susquehannock," ''International Journal of American Linguistics'' 47:1-26.〕〔J.N.B. Hewitt. 1907. "Conestoga," ''Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico.'' Frederick Webb Hodge, ed. Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 30, Washington, D. C.: Government Printing Office. 335-337〕 *The term “Conestoga” apparently comes from the terms ''Co’nes'' (Pole) ''Toe'' (Upright) ''Ga'' (Place) or “Upright Pole Place,” or “Fortified Place,” or “Palisaded Place” (pronounced “koe-nes-toe-ga”). It could have also come from derivations of the ''Wen’dot'' people or the ''Onon’da Ga'' of their terms ''Ga’noch’sa Ga'' (fortified place), ''Ga’noch’sa’jat'' (roof), ''Ga’noch’sa’je'' (house), ''Ga’na’ga’ra'' (pole), or ''Ga’nat’da'' (town).〔Zeisberger ''Dictionary'', 79, 97, 146, 161, and 203.〕 Early English and Dutch traders heard and spelled the people's main settlement, fort, or castle, as “Quanestaqua.”〔As cited in Schutt, 64.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Susquehannock」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|