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Suvarnabhumi
(Sanskrit; Pali: '; (ビルマ語:သုဝဏ္ဏဘူမိ), (:θṵwʊ̀ɴna̰bùmḭ); (クメール語:សុវណ្ណភូមិ), ''Sovannaphoum''; (タイ語:สุวรรณภูมิ), ) is the name of a land mentioned in many ancient sources such as the ''Mahavamsa'',〔“To Suvarnabhumi he () sent Sona and Uttara”; Mahānāma, ''The Mahāvaṃsa, or, The Great Chronicle of Ceylon,'' translated into English by Wilhelm Geiger, assisted by Mabel Haynes Bode, with an addendum by G.C. Mendis, London, Luzac & Co. for the Pali Text Society, 1964, Chapter XII, “The Converting of Different Countries”, p.86.〕 some stories of the Jataka tales,〔''Sussondi-Jātaka, Sankha-Jātaka, Mahājanaka-Jātaka,'' in Edward B. Cowell (ed.), ''The Jātaka: or Stories of the Buddha's Former Births,'' London, Cambridge University Press, 1897; reprinted Pali Text Society, dist. by Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1969, Vol. III, p.124; Vol. IV, p.10; Vol. VI, p.22〕〔J. S. Speyer, ''The Jatakamala or Garland of Birth-Stories of Aryasura, Sacred Books of the Buddhists,'' Vol. I, London, Henry Frowde, 1895; reprint: Delhi, Motilal Banarsidass, 1982, No.XIV, Supâragajâtaka, pp.453-462.〕 and ''Milinda Panha''.〔R.K. Dube, “Southeast Asia as the Indian El-Dorado”, in Chattopadhyaya, D. P. and Project of History of Indian Science, Philosophy, and Culture (eds.), ''History of Science, Philosophy and Culture in Indian Civilization,'' New Delhi, Oxford University Press, 1999, Vol.1, Pt.3, C.G. Pande (ed.), ''India's Interaction with Southeast Asia,'' Chapter 6, pp.87-109.〕
Suvaṇṇabhumī means "Golden Land" or "Land of Gold" and might be a region named ''Aurea Regio'' in "India beyond the Ganges" of Ptolemy. The ''Periplus of the Erythraean Sea'' refers to the Land of Gold, ''Chryse,'' and describes it as “an island in the ocean, the furthest extremity towards the east of the inhabited world, lying under the rising sun itself, called Chryse... Beyond this country... there lies a very great inland city called Thina”.〔Lionel Casson (ed.), ''Periplus of the Erythraean Sea'', Princeton University Press, 1989, p.91.〕 Dionysius Periegetes mentioned: “The island of ''Chryse'' (Gold), situated at the very rising of the Sun”.〔''Dionysios Oecumenis Periegetes (Orbis Descriptio),'' lines 589-90; (Dionysii Orbis Terrae Descriptio )〕 Avienus referred to the ''Insula Aurea'' (Golden Isle) located where "the Scythian seas give rise to the Dawn".〔Rufius Festus Avienus, ''Descriptio orbis terrae,'' III, v.750-779.(Descriptio orbis terrae )〕 The city of ''Thina'' or Sina was described by Ptolemy's ''Geography'' as the capital city of the country on the eastern shores of the Magnus Sinus (Gulf of Thailand), at that time the Kingdom of Funan. The main port of this kingdom was ''Cattigara Sinarum statio'' (Kattigara the port of the Sinae).〔George Coedès, review of Paul Wheatley, ''The Golden Khersonese'' (Kuala Lumpur, 1961), in ''T'oung Pao'' 通報, vol.49, parts 4/5, 1962, pp.433-439; Claudius Ptolemy, ''Geography,'' Book I, chapter 17, paragraph 4; Louis Malleret, ''L’Archéologie du Delta du Mékong,'' Tome Troisiéme, ''La culture du Fu-nan,'' Paris, 1962, chap.XXV, “Oc-Èo et Kattigara”, pp.421-54; "Mr Caverhill seems very fairly to have proved that the ancient Cattagara () is the same with the present Ponteamass (), and the modern city Cambodia (Penh ) the ancient metropolis of Sinae, or Thina", ''The Gentleman’s Magazine,'' December 1768, "Epitome of Philosophical Transactions", vol.57, p.578; John Caverhill, “Some Attempts to ascertain the utmost Extent of the Knowledge of the Ancients in the East Indies”, ''Philosophical Transactions,'' vol.57, 1767, pp.155-174.〕
There is a common misunderstanding that the Edicts of Ashoka mention this name. The truth is the edicts relate only the kings' names and never reference Suvarnabhumi in the text. Moreover, all of the kings referenced in the text reigned their cities in the region that located beyond the Sindhu to the west. The misunderstanding might come from a mixing of the story of Ashoka sending his Buddhist missionaries to Suvarnabhumi in "Mahavamsa" and his edicts.
==Location==
The location of Suvarnabhumi has been the subject of much debate, both in scholarly and nationalistic agendas. It remains one of the most mythified and contentious toponyms in the history of Asia. Asian history scholars have identified two regions as possible locations for the ancient Suvarnabhumi: Insular Southeast Asia or Southern India.〔R. C. Majumdar, ''Ancient Indian Colonies in the Far East,'' Vol. II, ''Suvarnadvipa,'' Calcutta, Modern Publishing Syndicate, 1937, Chapter IV, ''Suvarnadvipa,'' pp.37-47.(Suvarnadvipa )〕 In a study of the various literary sources for the location of Suvannabhumi, Saw Mra Aung concluded that it was impossible to draw a decisive conclusion on this, and that only thorough scientific research would reveal which of several versions of Suvannabhumi was the original.〔Saw Mra Aung, “The Accounts of Suvannabhumi from Various Literary Sources”, ''Suvannabhumi: Multi-Disciplinary Journal of Southeast Asian Studies'' (Busan University of Foreign Studies, Korea), vol. 3, no.1, June 2011, pp.67-86.〕
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