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(Devanagari: ) is a Sanskrit term in Hinduism which literally means "one's own reading" and "self-study".〔(svAdhyAya ), Monier-Williams' Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon, Germany〕〔(svAdhyAya ) Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Koeln University, Germany〕 It is also a broader concept with several meanings. In various schools of Hinduism, ''Svadhyaya'' is a Niyama (virtuous observance) connoting introspection and "study of self".〔Sharda Nandram (2010), Synchronizing Leadership Style with Integral Transformational Yoga Principles, In Spirituality and Business (Editors: Nandram and Borden), Springer Berlin Heidelberg, ISBN 978-3-642-02660-7, pages 183-203〕 The term also means the self-study and recitation of the Vedas and other sacred books.〔For compound derivation as + and meanings of ' as "1. self-recitation, muttering to one-self. -2. study of the Vedas, sacred study, perusal of sacred books. -3. the Veda itself. -4. a day on which sacred study is enjoined to be resumed after suspension." see: , right column.〕〔For definition of "स्वाध्याय, m. repeating to oneself, study ''of the Veda''; repetition ''of the Veda'' aloud" see: , left column.〕〔For definition as "the regular habit of study of religious books", see: Chatterjee and Datta (1984), p. 303.〕 ==Etymology, meaning and usage== Svādhyāya is a compound Sanskrit word composed of svā (स्व) + adhyāya (अध्याय). Adhyāya means "a lesson, lecture, chapter; reading".〔(AdhyAya ), Monier-Williams' Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon, Germany〕 Svā means "own, one's own, self, the human soul".〔(SvA ), Monier-Williams' Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon, Germany〕 Therefore, Svādhyāya literally means "one's own reading, lesson". Svādhyāya is also a compound Sanskrit word composed of svā (स्व) + dhyāya (ध्याय). Dhyāya means "meditating on".〔(dhyAyam ), Monier-Williams' Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon, Germany〕 The root of Adhyāya and Dhyāya is “Dhyai” (ध्यै) which means “meditate, contemplate, think of”.〔(ध्यै ) Sanskrit English Dictionary, Koeln University, Germany〕 The term Svādhyāya therefore, also connotes “contemplation, meditation, reflection of one self”, or simply “to study one’s own self”.〔Rolf Sovik (2014), Understanding Yourself: the path of Svadhyaya, Himalayan Institute Press, ISBN 978-0893892470, pages 191-197〕 The term ''Svadhyaya'' has other meanings. In the ''Smritis'', it refers to the historical practice of self-reciting Vedas to ensure it is memorized and faithfully transmitted, without writing, by the word of mouth, to the next generation.〔 In various schools of Hinduism, particularly ''Yoga'', ''Svadhyaya'' is also a ''niyama'', a virtuous behavior. As a virtue, it means "study of self", "self-reflection", "introspection, observation of self".〔C Woiwode (2013), Transcendence and Spirituality Human Needs and the Practices of the Indian Svadhyaya Movement, Journal of Developing Societies, 29(3): 233-257〕〔KH Garland (2010), Yoga, Pradhana Dharma, and the Helping Professions: Recognizing the Risk of Codependency and the Necessity of Self-Care, International Journal of Yoga Therapy, 1(1): 90-97〕〔L. Fishman (2002), Yoga in medicine. in Alternative medicine and rehabilitation (Wainapel S, Fast A, Editors), ISBN 978-1888799668, pages 139–73〕 is translated in a number of ways. Some translate it as the "study of the scriptures and ''darśanas''."〔, volume 4.〕 Some translators simply use the word "study" without qualifying the type of study.〔For translation of YS 2.1 as ""Purificatory action, study, and making God the motive of action, constitute the ''yoga'' of action." see: Radhakrishnan and Moore, p. 462.〕〔For translation of YS 2.1 as "Austerity, study, and the dedication of the fruits of one's work to God: these are the preliminary steps to yoga." see: Prabhavananda and Isherwood, p. 95.〕 MacNeill translates it as "self-study or spiritual self-education".〔Paul MacNeill (2011), Yoga and Ethics: The Importance of Practice, in Yoga-Philosophy for Everyone (Editors: Stillwagon et al.), Wiley-Blackwell, ISBN 978-0470658802, Chapter 18〕 Dhyāya, when used in the context of self study in ancient and medieval Indian texts, is synonymous with ''Abhyasa'', ''Adhi'' and ''Viks''; while Adhyāya, when used in context of reciting and reading in Indian texts, is synonymous with ''Anukti'', ''Nipatha''〔often used to describe recitation of Vedas by a student; see BL Dwivedi (1994), Evolution of educational thought in India, ISBN 978-8172110598, page 119〕 and ''Patha''.〔(Study ) Monier Williams Sanskrit Dictionary, Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon, Germany; see discussion notes and cited Indian texts〕〔(Sanskrit English Dictionary ) Koeln University, Germany; Search for each of: abhyAsam, adhI, vIkS, anUkti, nipaTha, paTh〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Svādhyāya」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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