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|common_name = Switzerland |image_flag = Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svgx95px |image_coat = Coat of Arms of Switzerland (Pantone).svg |image_map = Europe-Switzerland.svg |map_caption = |national_motto = |national_anthem = "Swiss Psalm" |official_languages = German; French; Italian; Romansh |demonym = Swiss |capital = None Bern 〔''De jure'' "federal city"; ''de facto'' capital. Due to historical federalist sensibilities, Swiss law does not designate a formal capital; and some federal institutions such as courts are located in other cities.〕 |latd=46 |latm=57 |latNS=N |longd=7 |longm=27 |longEW=E |largest_city = Zürich |legislature = Federal Assembly |upper_house = Council of States |lower_house = National Council |government_type = Federal multi-party directorial republic with thorough elements of direct democracy |leader_title1 = Federal Council |leader_name1 = | Johann Schneider‑Ammann | Alain Berset }} |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = Corina Casanova |area_sq_mi = 15,940 |area_rank = 135th |area_magnitude = 1 E10 |area_km2 = 41,285 |percent_water = 4.2 |population_estimate = 8,211,700 |population_estimate_year = September 2014 |population_estimate_rank = 96th |population_growth_year = 2009 |population_census = 8,139,600 |population_census_year = 2013 |population_density_km2 = 198 |population_density_sq_mi = 477.4 |population_density_rank = 65th |GDP_PPP = $480.938 billion〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Switzerland )〕 |GDP_PPP_year = 2015 |GDP_PPP_rank = 39th |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $58,731〔 |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 9th |GDP_nominal = $688.434 billion〔 |GDP_nominal_rank = 19th |GDP_nominal_year = 2015 |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $84,070〔 |GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 2nd |Gini_year = 2013 |Gini_change = |Gini = 33.7 |Gini_ref = 〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=ilc_di12 )〕 |Gini_rank = |HDI_year = 2013 |HDI_change = steady |HDI = 0.917 |HDI_ref = |HDI_rank = 3rd |sovereignty_type = History |established_event1 = Foundation date |established_date1 = celebrated on 1 August 1291 |established_event2 = Treaty of Basel (1499) |established_date2 = 22 September 1499 |established_event3 = Peace of Westphalia |established_date3 = 24 October 1648 |established_event4 = Restoration |established_date4 = 7 August 1815 |established_event5 = Federal state |established_date5 = 12 September 1848〔A (solemn declaration of the Tagsatzung ) declared the Federal Constitution adopted on 12 September 1848. A (resolution of the Tagsatzung ) of 14 September 1848 specified that the powers of the institutions provided for by the 1815 Federal Treaty would expire at the time of the constitution of the Federal Council, which took place on 16 November 1848.〕 |currency = Swiss franc |currency_code = CHF |time_zone = CET |utc_offset = +1 |time_zone_DST = CEST |utc_offset_DST = +2 |date_format = dd.mm.yyyy (AD) |drives_on = right |calling_code = +41 |cctld = .ch |patron_saint = St Nicholas of Flüe |iso3166code = CH |official_website = http://www.admin.ch }} Switzerland (), officially the Swiss Confederation ((ラテン語:Confoederatio Helvetica), hence its abbreviation CH), is a country in Europe. While still named the "Swiss Confederation" for historical reasons, modern Switzerland is a federal directorial republic consisting of 26 cantons, with Bern as the seat of the federal authorities, called ''Bundesstadt'' ("federal city").〔〔According to the Swiss constitution there is intentionally no ''capital'' ruling the Swiss Confederation, but in Bern you find governmental institutions, such as the parliament and the Federal Council. The Federal Court, however, is situated in Lausanne. The Federal Court of Criminality is in Bellinzona. The Federal Court of Administration and the Federal Court of Patents are in St Gallen.〕 The country is situated in Western and Central Europe,〔There are several definitions. See Geography of Switzerland#Western or Central Europe?.〕 and is bordered by Italy to the south, France to the west, Germany to the north, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east. Switzerland is a landlocked country geographically divided between the Alps, the Swiss Plateau and the Jura, spanning an area of . While the Alps occupy the greater part of the territory, the Swiss population of approximately 8 million people is concentrated mostly on the Plateau, where the largest cities are to be found: among them are the two global and economic centres, Zürich and Geneva. The establishment of the Swiss Confederation is traditionally dated to 1 August 1291, which is celebrated annually as the Swiss National Day. The country has a long history of armed neutrality—it has not been in a state of war internationally since 1815—and did not join the United Nations until 2002. Nevertheless, it pursues an active foreign policy and is frequently involved in peace-building processes around the world.〔Thomas Fleiner, Alexander Misic, Nicole Töpperwien, ''Swiss Constitutional Law'', p. 28, Kluwer Law International〕 In addition to being the birthplace of the Red Cross, Switzerland is home to numerous international organizations, including the second largest UN office. On the European level, it is a founding member of the European Free Trade Association, but notably it is not part of the European Union, nor the European Economic Area. However the country does participate in the Schengen Area and the EU's single market through a number of bilateral treaties. Straddling the intersection of Germanic and Romance Europe, Switzerland comprises four main linguistic and cultural regions: German, French, Italian and Romansh. Therefore, the Swiss, although predominantly German-speaking, do not form a nation in the sense of a common ethnicity or language; rather, Switzerland's strong sense of identity and community is founded on a common historical background, shared values such as federalism and direct democracy,〔(Constitutional Patriotism and Exclusion: the Swiss Case ) euroculturemaster.org. Retrieved on 30 July 2009〕 and Alpine symbolism. Due to its linguistic diversity, Switzerland is known by a variety of native names: ''Schweiz'' (:ˈʃvaɪts) (German);〔Swiss Standard German spelling and pronunciation. The Swiss German name is sometimes spelled as ''Schwyz'' or ''Schwiiz'' (:ˈʃʋit͡s). ''Schwyz'' is also the standard German (and international) name of one of the Swiss cantons.〕 ''Suisse'' (:sɥis(ə)) (French); ''Svizzera'' (:ˈzvittsera) (Italian); and ''Svizra'' (:ˈʒviːtsrɐ) or (:ˈʒviːtsʁːɐ) (Romansh).〔The latter is the common Sursilvan pronunciation.〕 Switzerland ranks high in several metrics of national performance, including government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic competitiveness, and human development. It has the highest nominal wealth (financial and non-financial assets) per adult in the world according to Credit Suisse and the eighth-highest per capita gross domestic product on the IMF list.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=US is still by far the richest country, China fastest growing )〕〔(Franc's rise puts Swiss top of rich list ) Simon Bowers, guardian.co.uk, Wednesday 19 October 2011〕 Zürich and Geneva have each been ranked among the top cities with the highest quality of life in the world (the former coming second globally according to Mercer). ==Etymology== (詳細はSwiss, which was in use during the 16th to 19th centuries.〔OED (Online Etymology Dictionary ) etymonline.com. Retrieved on 25 June 2009〕 The English adjective ''Swiss'' is a loan from French ''フランス語:Suisse'', also in use since the 16th century. The name ''Switzer'' is from the Alemannic ', in origin an inhabitant of ''Schwyz'' and its associated territory, one of the Waldstätten cantons which formed the nucleus of the Old Swiss Confederacy. The name originates as an exonym, applied ''pars pro toto'' to the troops of the Confederacy. The Swiss began to adopt the name for themselves after the Swabian War of 1499, used alongside the term for "Confederates", ''Eidgenossen'' (literally: ''comrades by oath''), used since the 14th century. The toponym ''Schwyz'' itself is first attested in 972, as Old High German ', ultimately perhaps related to ' "to burn", referring to the area of forest that was burned and cleared to build.〔Room, Adrian (2003) ''Placenames of the World''. London: MacFarland and Co., ISBN 0-7864-1814-1.〕 The name was extended to the area dominated by the canton, and after the Swabian War of 1499 gradually came to be used for the entire Confederation.〔(Switzerland, the Catholic Encyclopedia ) newadvent.org. Retrieved on 26 January 2010〕〔(On Schwyzers, Swiss and Helvetians ), Federal Department of Home Affairs, admin.ch.〕 The Swiss German name of the country, ', is homophonous to that of the canton and the settlement, but distinguished by the use of the definite article (' for the Confederation,〔(Züritütsch, Schweizerdeutsch (p. 2) ) schweizerdeutsch.ch. Retrieved on 26 January 2010〕 but simply ' for the canton and the town).〔(Kanton Schwyz: Kurzer historischer Überblick ) sz.ch. Retrieved on 26 January 2010〕 The Latin name ''Confoederatio Helvetica'' was neologized and introduced gradually after the formation of the federal state in 1848, harking back to the Napoleonic Helvetic Republic, appearing on coins from 1879, inscribed on the Federal Palace in 1902 and after 1948 used in the official seal.〔(Marco Marcacci, Confederatio helvetica (2002) ), Historical Lexicon of Switzerland.〕 (The ISO banking code, "CHF" for the Swiss franc, is taken from the state's Latin name). ''Helvetica'' is derived from the ''Helvetii'', a Gaulish tribe living on the Swiss plateau before the Roman era. ''Helvetia'' appears as a national personification of the Swiss confederacy in the 17th century with a 1672 play by Johann Caspar Weissenbach. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Switzerland」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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