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:''See Symbel (band) for the British band.'' Symbel (OE) and sumbl (ON) are Germanic terms for "feast, banquet". Paul C. Bauschatz in 1976 suggested that the term reflects a pagan ritual which had a "great religious significance in the culture of the early Germanic people".〔First proposed at the Third International Conference of Nordic and General Linguistics, at the University of Texas at Austin, April 5–9, 1976 (published in 1978), elaborated in Bauschatz, "The Germanic ritual feast" and ''The Well and the Tree''; Pollington, ''Mead-hall''.〕 Bauschatz' lead is followed only sporadically in modern scholarship, but his interpretation has inspired such solemn drinking-rituals in Germanic neopaganism. The ritual according to Bauschatz was always conducted indoors, usually in a chieftain's mead hall. Symbel involved a formulaic ritual which was more solemn and serious than mere drinking or celebration. The primary elements of symbel are drinking ale or mead from a drinking horn, speech making (which often included formulaic boasting and oaths), and gift giving. Eating and feasting were specifically excluded from symbel, and no alcohol was set aside for the gods or other deities in the form of a sacrifice.〔Bauschatz pp.74-75〕 Accounts of the ''symbel'' are preserved in the Anglo-Saxon ''Beowulf'' (lines 489-675 and 1491–1500), ''Dream of the Rood'' (line 141) and ''Judith'' (line 15), Old Saxon ''Heliand'' (line 3339), and the Old Norse ''Lokasenna'' (stanza 8) as well as other Eddic and Saga texts, such as in the ''Heimskringla'' account of the funeral ale held by King Sweyn, or in the ''Fagrskinna''. ==Etymology== The prevalent view today is that Old English ''symbel'', Old Saxon ''symbal, sumbal''〔''Heliand'', line 3340: "sittan at sumble".〕 (Old High German '' *sumbal'') and Old Norse ''sumbl'',〔''verðar nema oc sumbl'' (''cibum capere et symposium'') (Grimm, ch. 14 )〕 all of which translate roughly as "feast, banquet, (social) gathering", continue a Common Germanic '' *sumlan'' "banquet", which would correspond to a PIE ' "joint meal" or "congregation" (literally, ''symposium'' or ''assembly'').〔''Handbook of Germanic Etymology'' (2003): 386. See also (Torp-Falk, ''Wörterbuch der Indogermanischen Sprachen'' (1909) ), of which Erades does not seem to have been aware.〕 A number of earlier scholars have argued for a borrowing from Latin ''symbola'',〔Gerhard Köbler, ''Altsächsisches Wörterbuch'' s.v. "sumbal"〕 Against this derivation (in the case of OE ''symbel''), P.A. Erades argues that these cognates go back to Common Germanic *''sumil'' or *''sumal'' "gathering" (in the last case, with ablaut in the suffix). He explains the Germanic stem *''sum''- as ultimately deriving from Proto-Indo-European *', the zero-grade of ablaut of *' "one, together".〔P.A. Erades, "A Romance Congener." He rejects the earlier if somewhat hesitant view that Old English ''symbel'' derives from Latin ''symbola''.〕 This is the same element which developed into copulative ''a'' in Ancient Greek. Paul Bauschatz appears to accept ''sum'', ''sam'' "together", but proposes that the word represents a compound with ''alu'' "ale" as its second element (rather than a suffix). This would render the meaning "gathering or coming together of ale".〔Bauschatz, "The Germanic ritual feast". 291. Icelandic ''sumbl'' had previously been explained as a compound of ''sam''- and ''öl'', see (Cleasby-Vigfussion: 604 ).〕 The Old English noun is usually translated as "feast", and forms various compounds such as ''symbel-wyn'' "joy at feasting", ''symbel-dæg'' "feast day", ''symbel-niht'' "feast-night", ''symbel-hūs'' "feast-house, guest-room", ''symbel-tīd'' "feast time", ''symbel-werig'' "weary of feasting" etc. There is also a derived verb, ''symblian'' or ''symblan'', meaning "to feast, caraouse, enjoy one's self". Not to be confused is the unrelated homophone ''symbel, symble'' meaning "always, ever". 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Symbel」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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