|
Synchronicity is a concept first explained by psychiatrist Carl Jung, which holds that events are "meaningful coincidences" if they occur with no causal relationship, yet seem to be meaningfully related. During his career, Jung furnished several slightly different definitions of it.〔Bernard D. Beitman (2009) "Coincidence Studies: A Freudian Perspective..."〕 Jung variously defined synchronicity as an "acausal connecting (togetherness) principle," "meaningful coincidence", and "acausal parallelism." He introduced the concept as early as the 1920s but gave a full statement of it only in 1951 in an Eranos lecture.〔Casement, Ann, ("Who Owns Jung?" ), Karnac Books, 2007. ISBN 1-85575-403-7. Cf. page 25.〕 In 1952, he published a paper "Synchronizität als ein Prinzip akausaler Zusammenhänge" (Synchronicity – An Acausal Connecting Principle)〔 Since included in his ''Collected Works'' volume 8.〕 in a volume which also contained a related study by the physicist and Nobel laureate Wolfgang Pauli. Jung's belief was that, just as events may be connected by causality, they may also be connected by meaning. Events connected by meaning need not have an explanation in terms of causality. This contradicts the Axiom of Causality in specific cases but not generally. Jung used the concept to try to justify the paranormal.〔 A believer in the paranormal, Arthur Koestler wrote extensively on synchronicity in his 1972 book ''The Roots of Coincidence''.〔Koestler, Arthur (1973). ''The Roots of Coincidence''. Vintage. ISBN 0-394-71934-4.〕 ==Description== Jung coined the word "synchronicity" to describe "temporally coincident occurrences of acausal events." In his book ''Synchronicity: An Acausal Connecting Principle'', Jung wrote: In the introduction to his book, ''Jung on Synchronicity and the Paranormal'', Roderick Main wrote: In his book ''Synchronicity: An Acausal Connecting Principle'', Jung wrote:〔 Synchronicity was a principle which, Jung felt, gave conclusive evidence for his concepts of archetypes and the collective unconscious.〔Jung defined the collective unconscious as akin to instincts in ''Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious''.〕 It described a governing dynamic which underlies the whole of human experience and history — social, emotional, psychological, and spiritual. The emergence of the synchronistic paradigm was a significant move away from Cartesian dualism towards an underlying philosophy of double-aspect theory. It has been argued that this shift was essential to bringing theoretical coherence to Jung's earlier work.〔Brown, R.S. (2014). Evolving Attitudes. ''International Journal of Jungian Studies'', 6.3, 243-253.〕〔In ''Synchronicity'' in the final two pages of the Conclusion, Jung stated that not all coincidences are meaningful and further explained the creative causes of this phenomenon.〕 Even at Jung's presentation of his work on synchronicity in 1951 at an Eranos lecture, his ideas on synchronicity were evolving. On Feb. 25, 1953, in a letter to Carl Seelig, the Swiss author and journalist who wrote a biography of Albert Einstein. Jung wrote, “Professor Einstein was my guest on several occasions at dinner. . . These were very early days when Einstein was developing his first theory of relativity () It was he who first started me on thinking about a possible relativity of time as well as space, and their psychic conditionality. More than 30 years later the stimulus led to my relation with the physicist professor W. Pauli and to my thesis of psychic synchronicity.”〔 Following discussions with both Albert Einstein and Wolfgang Pauli, Jung believed that there were parallels between synchronicity and aspects of relativity theory and quantum mechanics. Jung was transfixed by the idea that life was not a series of random events but rather an expression of a deeper order, which he and Pauli referred to as ''Unus mundus''. This deeper order led to the insights that a person was both embedded in an orderly framework and was the focus of that orderly framework and that the realisation of this was more than just an intellectual exercise, but also had elements of a spiritual awakening. From the religious perspective, synchronicity shares similar characteristics of an "intervention of grace". Jung also believed that in a person's life, synchronicity served a role similar to that of dreams, with the purpose of shifting a person's egocentric conscious thinking to greater wholeness. A close associate of Jung, Marie-Louise von Franz, stated towards the end of her life that the concept of synchronicity must now be worked on by a new generation of researchers.〔Tarnas, Richard, "Cosmos and Psyche", 2006, Penguin Group, New York, Pgs 50–60〕 For example, in the years since the publication of Jung’s work on synchronicity, some writers largely sympathetic to Jung's approach have taken issue with certain aspects of his theory, including the question of how frequently synchronicity occurs. One of Jung's favourite quotes〔Lecture notes, Jung Foundation, New York City, 1980s.〕 on synchronicity was from ''Through the Looking-Glass'' by Lewis Carroll, in which the White Queen says to Alice: "It's a poor sort of memory that only works backwards."〔''Through the Looking-Glass'', by Lewis Carroll, Chapter 5, Wool and Water.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Synchronicity」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|