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Syneisaktism
Syneisaktism is the practice of "spiritual marriage", which is where a man and a woman who have both taken vows of chastity live together in a chaste and non-legalized partnership.〔Miller, Patricia Cox, ed. Women in Early Christianity : Translations from Greek Texts. Washington, DC, USA: Catholic University of America Press, 2012. Pg. 117. ProQuest ebrary.〕 More often than not, the woman would move into the house of the man, and they would live as brother and sister, both committed to the continuation of their vows of chastity. The women who entered into a spiritual marriage were known as subintroductae ("those brought in covertly"), agapetae ("beloved ones"), and syneisaktoi ("those brought into the house together").〔Miller, Women in Early Christianity. 117-118〕 This practice emerged around the 2nd century CE, and survived into the Middle Ages, despite being condemned by numerous church leaders, writers, and councils.
==Emergence==
The practice of asceticism grew in the early years of Christianity due to both the teachings of Paul the Apostle and Jesus Christ, who suggested that a celibate life was the best way to prepare for life in the Kingdom of God.〔Castelli, Elizabeth. "Virginity and Its Meaning for Women's Sexuality in Early Christianity." Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion 2, no. 1 (Spring, 1986): 65. Accessed March 6, 2015. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25002030.〕 It may have also emerged as an alternative to martyrdom, so that the faithful could reach the Kingdom of Heaven and receive their rewards in the afterlife without giving their lives. It became more and more popular as Christianity became accepted and legalized in the Roman Empire and martyrdoms became less frequent.〔Castelli. "Virginity and Its Meaning for Women's Sexuality in Early Christianity." 67.〕 Virginity became a favoured alternative to earthly marriage, promoted by writers such as Eusebius of Emesa and Jerome, all of whom saw marriage as promoting evil, quarrels, and the road to sin and suffering.〔Castelli. "Virginity and Its Meaning for Women's Sexuality in Early Christianity." 69.〕 Virginity emerged as a popular practice for women around the 2nd century CE, although it became more fully developed during the next couple of centuries, and it became "constructed as a form of liberation not only from the strictures of marriage and childbearing, but also from physical passion and materiality",〔Miller, Women in Early Christianity. 78〕 which were considered sinful and dangerous to the soul.
One issue that many ascetic virgins, especially women, came across was how they were to live once they denounced marriage and earthly pleasures. Some independently wealthy women were able to seclude themselves on their estates, others were supported by family, but many had no means with which to support themselves. Monasteries for women were a later development, in the 2nd century CE there would have been very few in existence. Thus, spiritual marriage may have emerged as a solution to this problem. An ascetic woman would have gone to live with an ascetic man in his house, living as brother and sister in a sort of unofficial marriage.〔Miller, Women in Early Christianity. 118〕 Spiritual marriages would have also offered a rare opportunity for a man and a woman to engage in an emotionally and spiritually intimate friendship, something that was next to unheard of the in ancient world, in which it was believed that men and women could never be just friends, as friendship implied parity, and the sexes were not considered equal.〔Clark, Elizabeth A. "John Chrysostom and the "Subintroductae"" Church History 46, no. 2 (1977): 183. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3165004.〕 Thus, spiritual marriages would have been a desirable option for both ascetic men and women.
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