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In English phonology, ''t''-glottalization or ''t''-glottaling is a sound change in certain English dialects and accents that causes the phoneme to be pronounced as the glottal stop in certain positions. It is never mandatory (especially in careful speech) and most often alternates with other allophones of such as , , (before a nasal), (before a lateral), or . As a sound change, it is a subtype of debuccalization. The pronunciation that it results in is called glottalization. Apparently, glottal reinforcement, which is quite common in English, is a stage preceding full replacement of the stop, and indeed, reinforcement and replacement can be in free variation. The earliest mentions of the process are in Scotland during the 19th century, when Henry Sweet commented on the phenomenon. The SED fieldworker Peter Wright found it in areas of Lancashire and said, "It is considered a lazy habit, but may have been in some dialects for hundreds of years." David Crystal claims that the sound can be heard in RP speakers from the early 20th century such as Daniel Jones, Bertrand Russell and Ellen Terry. The Cambridge ''English Pronouncing Dictionary'' claims that ''t''-glottalization is now most common in London, Leeds, Edinburgh and Glasgow. ==Glottal reinforcement (pre-glottalization)== Pre-glottalization of /t/ is found in RP and GA when the consonant /t/ occurs before another consonant, or before a pause: *pre-consonantal: ''get some'' () ''lightning'' () ''at last'' () *final (pre-pausal): ''wait'' () ''bat'' () ''about'' () The glottal closure overlaps with the consonant that it precedes, but the articulatory movements involved can usually only be observed by using laboratory instruments.〔Roach, P.J. (1979) `Laryngeal-oral coarticulation in glottalised English plosives', ''Journal of the International Phonetic Association'' , 9, pp. 1-6)〕 In words such as 'eaten', 'button' pronounced with a glottal closure it is generally almost impossible to know whether the /t/ has been pronounced (e.g. (), ()) or omitted (e.g. (), ()). In some accents of English, /t/ may be pre-glottalized intervocalically when it occurs finally in a stressed syllable. In the north-east of England and East Anglia pronunciations such as 'paper' (), 'happy' () are found. There is variation in the occurrence of glottalization within RP according to which consonant follows /t/: for example, some speakers do not glottalize /t/ when /r/ follows, in words such as 'petrol' /'petrəl/, 'mattress' /'mætrəs/.〔Roach, P.J. `Glottalization of English /p,t,k,tʃ/ - a re-examination', ''Journal of the International Phonetic Association'',3, 10-21. (1973)〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「T-glottalization」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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