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The Texas Department of Criminal Justice (TDCJ) is a department of the government of the U.S. state of Texas. The TDCJ is responsible for statewide criminal justice for adult offenders, including managing offenders in state prisons, state jails and private correctional facilities, funding and certain oversight of community supervision, and supervision of offenders released from prison on parole or mandatory supervision. The TDCJ operates the largest prison system in the United States.〔"(Huntsville Prison Blues )." ''National Public Radio''. September 10, 2001. Retrieved on December 2, 2009.〕 The department has its headquarters in the BOT Complex in Huntsville and offices at the Price Daniel Sr. Building in Downtown Austin.〔"(Web Directory - Texas Department of Criminal Justice )." ''Texas Department of Criminal Justice''. Accessed September 13, 2008.〕〔"(Contact Information )." ''Third Court of Appeals of Texas''. Accessed September 13, 2008.〕 ==History== In 1848, the Texas Legislature passed "An Act to Establish a State Penitentiary", which created an oversight board to manage the treatment of convicts and administration of the penitentiaries. Land was acquired in Huntsville and Rusk for later facilities.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Texas Prison Board: An Inventory of Records of the Texas Prison System at the Texas State Archives, 1913-1933, 1943, undated )〕 The prison system began as a single institution, located in Huntsville. A second prison facility, Rusk Penitentiary, began receiving convicts in January 1883.〔 Before the ''Ruiz v. Estelle'' court case, the Texas Department of Corrections had 18 units, including 16 for males and 2 for females.〔Renaud, Jorge Antonio. "Living Quarters." ''Behind the Walls: A Guide for Families and Friends of Texas Prison Inmates''. University of North Texas Press, 2002. (7 ). Retrieved from ''Google Books'' on May 23, 2010. ISBN 1-57441-153-5, ISBN 978-1-57441-153-9.〕 Various administrative changes where the organization of the managing board of the department occurred over the next one hundred years.〔 In 1921 George W. Dixon of ''The Prison Journal'' published a report on the Texas Prison System facilities. His article stated that the prisons were among the most "brutal" in the world. Dixon said that the prisons featured corporal punishment such as whipping, beatings, and isolation.〔"(The Texas Prison Camps )" ''The Prison Journal''. April 1921 vol. 1 no. 2 12-14〕 In 1989, the Texas Department of Criminal Justice and the Board of Criminal Justice were created. The Board is composed of nine members appointed by the governor with the advice and consent of the senate to six-year overlapping terms. This new agency absorbed functions of three state agencies; the Texas Department of Corrections, the Texas Board of Pardons and Paroles, and the Texas Adult Probation Commission.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=An Inventory of Board of Criminal Justice Minutes and Meeting Files at the Texas State Archives, 1881-1885, 1900-2006 )〕 In the 1980s the government of Texas began building more prisons. During that decade impoverished rural communities saw the prisons as a boon as they provided jobs.〔Renaud, Jorge Antonio. "A Short History of Texas Prisons." ''Behind the Walls: A Guide for Families and Friends of Texas Prison Inmates''. University of North Texas Press, 2002. xxii. Retrieved from ''Google Books'' on May 23, 2010. ISBN 1-57441-153-5, ISBN 978-1-57441-153-9.〕 In 1987 the Texas State Board of Corrections voted to build two new 2,250 inmate maximum security prisons in Gatesville and Amarillo and several 1,000 inmate medium security prisons in Liberty County, Marlin, Snyder, and Woodville. The TDC units in Amarillo and Snyder were the first ones located outside of Central Texas and East Texas.〔"(Major Prisons Slated At Gatesville, Amarillo )." ''Associated Press'' at the ''The Victoria Advocate''. Tuesday November 10, 1987. Retrieved from Google News (13/16) on November 19, 2010.〕 According to a December 2007 survey of prisoners from the U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics, five TDCJ units, Allred Unit, Clemens Unit, Coffield Unit, Estelle Unit, and Mountain View Unit, were among those in the United States with the highest numbers of reported prison rape cases in the year 2006 . In 2007 the TDCJ reported that there were a total of 234 reported sexual assaults in its prisons. Michelle Lyons, the TDCJ spokesperson, said "The actual reports we have are not consistent with the results in the survey. But because it's anonymous, there's no way for us to verify that additional number."〔Ward, Mike. "(Texas leads U.S. in rates of prison rape, survey finds )." ''Austin American-Statesman''. Friday March 28, 2008. Retrieved on January 19, 2010.〕 In 2008 the TDCJ planned to install cell phone jamming devices at its units, but encountered resistance from cell phone companies.〔Connally, Richard. "(TDCJ Comes Up Against The Cell Phone Companies )." ''Houston Press''. Tuesday December 16, 2008. Retrieved on May 14, 2010.〕 In 2014 the Human Rights Clinic of the University of Texas School of Law released a report stating that the temperatures in many TDCJ units are too high over the summer and that at least 14 inmates were killed by the heat since 2007. In 2013 the TDCJ had signed a deal for a climate controlled housing system for pig breeding; this was worth $750,000.〔Dart, Tom. "(Texas prisons violate international human rights standards, report says )." ''The Guardian''. Wednesday April 23, 2014. Retrieved on April 24, 2014.〕 In response, John Whitmire of the Texas House of Representatives stated "the people of Texas don't want air-conditioned prisons, and there's a lot of other things on my list above the heat. It's hot in Texas, and a lot of Texans who are not in prison don't have air conditioning."〔Ward, Mike. "(Lawmakers, prison agency defend lack of AC in Texas prisons )." ''Houston Chronicle''. April 22, 2014. Retrieved on April 24, 2014.〕 That year, a federal judge declared that the TDCJ is making it impossible for Muslim inmates to practice their religion.〔Schiller, Dane. "(Federal ruling: Texas prisons violating rights of Muslims )." ''Houston Chronicle''. May 1, 2014. Retrieved on May 2, 2014.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Texas Department of Criminal Justice」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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