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Tuoba
Tuoba () was a clan of the Xianbei in ancient China. In the Old Turkic language, they were referred to as Tabgach.
The Tuoba founded the Northern Wei (386–535) around the Yellow River delta and increasingly sinicized. As a result, from 496, the name "Tuoba" disappeared by an edict of Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei, who adopted the Chinese language surname of Yuan () instead. A surviving branch of the Tuoba established the state of Tuyuhun before submitting as a vassal of the Tang dynasty; they later established the later Western Xia, whose rulers adopted the Chinese surname Li (李).
==History==
The distribution of the Xianbei people ranged from present day Northeast China to Mongolia, and the Tuoba were one of the largest clans among the western Xianbei, ranging from present day Shanxi province and westward and northwestward. They established the state of Dai from 310-376 CE and ruled as the Northern Wei from 386-536. The Tuoba states of Dai and Northern Wei also claimed to possess the quality of earth in the Chinese Wu Xing theory. All the chieftains of the Tuoba were revered as emperors in the ''Book of Wei'' and the ''History of the Northern Dynasties''. Most scholars agree that the Tuoba were proto-Mongols or belonged to their own branch of Ural-Altaic language family,〔(Holcombe 2001 ), p. 132.〕〔(Holcombe 2011 ), p. 65.〕 although some also suggest that instead of being related to the Mongols, they were perhaps related to the Turkic peoples.〔 In the opinion of Peter Boodberg, much of the Tuoba vocabulary was "essentially Turkish with a certain admixture of Mongolian elements". On the other hand, Edwin Pulleyblank "concluded that it was Mongolian."〔(Holcombe 2001 ), p. 132.〕 Chen Sanping observes that the Tuoba language "had both" elements.〔(Holcombe 2001 ), p. 248〕 On the other hand, Liu Xueyao stated that Tuobas may have had their own language which should not be assumed to be identical with any other known languages.〔Liu Xueyao p. 83-86〕 The Rourans considered that Tuoba and Rourans descended from common ancestors.
〔Hyacinth (Bichurin), Collection of information on peoples lived in Central Asia in ancient times, 1950. p.209〕 Also a historian of the Northern Wei noted that Rourans descended from Xianbei.
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