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The tabla (パンジャーブ語:ਤਬਲਾ), (ヒンディー語:तबला), (ベンガル語:তবলা), (タミル語:தபலா,) is a membranophone percussion instrument (similar to bongos) which is often used in Hindustani classical music and in the traditional music of India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. The instrument consists of a pair of hand drums of contrasting sizes and timbres. The main drum is called a tabla and is played with the dominant hand. Its shell is cylindrical and made out of wood, and its tight skin produces a distinct pitch when struck. The larger, low pitched drum, called dagga or baya, has a bowl-shaped metal shell. Its membrane is looser than that of the tabla, enabling the player to manipulate the drum's pitch with his or her hand in performance. It is claimed that the term ''tabla'' is derived from an Arabic word, ''tabl'', which simply means "drum." The tabla is used in some other Asian musical traditions outside of the Indian subcontinent, such as in the Indonesian ''dangdut'' genre.〔''Can Dangdut Travel Outside Region?'', by Alexandra Nuvich and Debe Campbell. In: 〕 The playing technique is complex and involves extensive use of the fingers and palms in various configurations to create a wide variety of different sounds and rhythms, reflected in mnemonic syllables (''bol''). The heel of the hand is used to apply pressure or in a sliding motion on the larger drum so that the pitch is changed during the sound's decay. In playing the Hindustani style tabla there are two ways to play it: ''band bol'' and ''khula bol''. In the sense of classical music it is termed "tali" and "khali". ==History== The roots of the tabla's invention are found in India.〔http://upclose.unimelb.edu.au/printpdf/932〕 The carvings in Bhaja Caves in the state of Maharashtra in India shows a woman playing a tabla and another woman performing a dance, dating back to 200 BC.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Bhaja Caves )〕 Taals has developed since the Vedic or Upanishad eras in India.〔https://books.google.com.au/books?id=QOSXX270RxMC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false〕 As a result ''Pushkar'' was in existence long before even the Mridang. It is quite likely that an instrument resembling the tabla was in existence much earlier. It was popular during the Yadava rule (1210 to 1247) in the south, at the time when Sangeeta Ratnakara was written by Sarangadeva.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Google books )〕 There is also the Myth that the tabla was invented by the Turkish Sufi poet and musician Amir Khusro in the 13th century, originating from the need to have a drum that could be played from the top in the sitting position to enable the more complex rhythm structures that were required for the new Indian Sufi vocal style of chanting and Zikr. Use of Tabla may also have complemented the complex early sitar melodies that Amir Khusro was composing. However none of his writings on music mention the drum.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Encyclopaedic Dictionary of World Musical Instruments )〕 A temple known as Eklingaji in Jaipur, Rajasthan shows the carvings of a tabla being played.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Ancient stone carvings... amazing craftsmanship - Eklingji Temple, Udaipur Traveller Reviews - TripAdvisor )〕 There is recent iconography of the tabla dating back to 1799.〔( Frans Balthazar Solvyns, ''A Collection of Two Hundred and Fifty Coloured Etchings'' ) (1799)〕 This theory is now obsolete with iconography carvings found in Bhaje caves providing solid proof that the tabla was used in ancient India. There are Hindu temple carvings of double hand drums resembling the tabla that date back to 500 BC.〔web.mit.edu/chintanv/www/tabla/class_material/Introduction%20to%20Tabla.ppt〕 The tabla was spread widely across ancient India. A Hosaleshvara temple in Karnatak shows a carving of a woman playing a tabla in a dance performance.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Persée )〕 The tabla uses a "complex finger tip and hand percussive" technique played from the top unlike the Pakhawaj and mridangam which mainly use the full palm, and are sideways in motion and are more limited in terms of sound complexity. Rebecca Stewart has suggested that the tabla was most likely a product of experiments with existing drums such as the pakhawaj, mridang, dholak and naqqara. The origins of tabla repertoire and technique may be found in all three, and in physical structure there are also similar elements: the smaller pakhawaj head for the dayan, the naqqara kettledrum for the bayan, and the flexible use of the bass of the dholak.〔Stewart R. ''The Tabla in Perspective'' Unpublished thesis, UCLA, 1974〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Tabla」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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