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Shilha is a Berber language spoken by around 4 million people in western Morocco. The self-name is Tašlḥiyt , and in recent English publications the language is often rendered Tashelhiyt or ''Tashelhit''. In Moroccan Arabic the language is called ''Šəlḥa'', from which the alternative English name ''Shilha'' is derived.〔When referring to the language, anthropologists and historians prefer the name "Shilha". Linguists writing in English prefer "Tashelhiyt". The name "Shilha" is in the Oxford English Dictionary (OED).〕 In French sources the language is called ''tachelhit'', ''chelha'' or ''chleuh''. Shilha is spoken in an area covering c. 100,000 square kilometres,〔The Shilha language area is approximately the size of Iceland, or the US state of Kentucky.〕 comprising the western part of the High Atlas mountains and the regions to the south up to the Draa River, including the Anti-Atlas and the alluvial basin of the Sous River. The largest urban centres in the area are the coastal city of Agadir (population over 400,000) and the towns of Guelmim, Taroudant, Oulad Teima, Tiznit and Ouarzazate. In the north and to the south, Shilha borders on Arabic-speaking areas. In the northeast, roughly along the line Marrakesh-Zagora, there is a dialect continuum with Central Atlas Tamazight. Within the Shilha area, there are several Arabic-speaking enclaves, notably around the town of Taroudant. Substantial Shilha-speaking migrant communities are found in most of the larger towns and cities of northern Morocco, and outside Morocco in Belgium, France, Germany, Canada, the United States, and Israel. Shilha possesses a distinct and substantial literary tradition that can be traced back several centuries before the colonial era. Many texts, written in Arabic script and dating from the late 16th century to the present, are preserved in manuscripts. A modern printed literature in Shilha has developed since the 1970s. == Language name and etymology == Shilha speakers usually refer to their language as ''Tašlḥiyt''.〔Justinard (1914:2), Destaing (1938:166), Galand (1988, 1.14).〕 This name is morphologically a feminine noun, derived from masculine ''Ašlḥiy'' "male speaker of Shilha".〔In most of its usages, ''Ašlḥiy'' simply means "a speaker of Shilha". It is not known whether children of Shilha speakers in the migrant communities who have not acquired an active knowledge of the language still identify themselves as ''Ašlḥiy''. There is also an ethnic (racial) dimension to the term: white native speakers of Shilha generally refer to black native speakers (the modern descendants of liberated slaves) with the term ''asuqqiy'', a pejorative term derived from Arabic ''suq'' "market" (where slaves were bought and sold). The literature offers no information on the self-designation of black speakers.〕 Shilha names of other languages are formed in the same way, for example ''Aɛṛab'' "an Arab", ''Taɛṛabt'' "the Arabic language".〔Destaing (1938:20, 166).〕 The noun ''Ašlḥiy'', though now freely used as an endonym among Shilha speakers, is exonymic in origin, as the nominal stem ''šlḥ'' goes back to the Arabic noun ''šilḥ'' "bandit" (pl. ''šulūḥ'').〔Stumme (1899:3); see also Dozy, R. (1881), ''Supplément aux dictionnaires arabes'', Leyde: Brill, p. I:781, ''shilḥ'', pl. ''shulūḥ'' "voleur, brigand".〕 The initial ''A-'' in ''Ašlḥiy'' is the Shilha nominal prefix (see ). The ending ''-iy'' (borrowed from the Arabic suffix ''-iyy'') forms denominal nouns and adjectives. There are also variant forms ''Ašlḥay'' and ''Tašlḥayt'', with ''-ay'' instead of ''-iy'' under the influence of the preceding consonant ''ḥ''.〔Stumme (1899:3); Laoust (1936:v).〕 The plural of ''Ašlḥiy'' is ''Išlḥiyn''; a single female speaker is a ''Tašlḥiyt'' (noun homonymous with the name of the language), plural ''Tišlḥiyin''. In Moroccan colloquial Arabic, a male speaker is called a ''Šəlḥ'', plural ''Šluḥ'', and the language is ''Šəlḥa'',〔Fox and Abu-Talib (1966:155), Colin (1993:976).〕 a feminine derivation calqued on ''Tašlḥiyt''. The Moroccan Arabic names have been borrowed into English as ''a Shilh'', ''the Shluh'', and ''Shilha'', and into French as ''un Chleuh'', ''les Chleuhs'', and ''chelha'' or, more commonly, ''le chleuh''. The exonymic, uncomplimentary origin of the names ''Tašlḥiyt'' and ''Ašlḥiy'' now seems lost from memory in Morocco among both Berbers and Arabs,〔At least, the existing lexicographical sources for Moroccan Arabic and Shilha do not record a pejorative meaning.〕 but Stumme (1899:3) noted that a speaker of Shilha will call himself an ''Ašlḥiy'' while being fully aware that it is a term of abuse, taking his revenge by calling an Arab ''izikr'' "rope" (referring to the well-known Bedouin headgear). The now usual names ''Tašlḥiyt'' and ''Išlḥiyn'' seem to have gained the upper hand relatively recently, as they are attested only in those manuscript texts which date from the 19th and 20th centuries. In older texts, the language is still referred to as ''Tamaziɣt'' or ''Tamazixt'' "Tamazight". For example, the author Awzal (early 18th c. CE) speaks of ''nnaḍm n Tmazixt ann ifulkin'' "a composition in that beautiful Tamazight".〔Awzal, ''Baḥr al-Dumūʿ'', v. 5 (edition in van den Boogert 1997).〕 Because Sous is the most heavily populated part of the language area, the name ''Tasusiyt'' (lit. "language of Sous") is often used as a ''pars pro toto'' for the entire language.〔Justinard (1914:2), Laoust (1936:vi).〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Shilha language」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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