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is a Japanese school of Mikkyō (esotericism) of Shingon Buddhism founded in 1114 by the monk Ninkan (仁寛) (1057-1123) in an attempt to create a Japanese tradition corresponding to Indian tantra (Sanskrit ''Vāmācāra''). == History == Tachikawa-ryu is a former branch of Shingon Mikkyo founded by the monk Ninkan. In another unorthodox branch of shingon, Ono-ryu (小野流).〔Religion in Japan : arrows to heaven and earth / edited by P.F. Kornicki and I.J. McMullen Cambridge University Press New York 1996. ISBN 0521550289 p.18〕 As such it is a school of esoteric Buddhism founded on the principal of using energy to control supernatural and cosmic forces and through these energetic rites and rituals attain enlightenment. Tachikawa-ryu is no different in its approach except that it chooses to focus on sexual energy thus belonging to left-hand tantra. It is named because it was founded in the town of Tachikawa in Musashi Province, Japan. Its use of ritual sexual energy and accusations of involvement in so called "black" magic, the school was frowned upon by Orthodox Shingon leaders (who performed non-sexual right hand Tantra rituals), and its monks were frequently sent into exile. The monk Yūkai (1345–1416) is generally credited with taking the lead on extirpating the Tachikawa-ryu school from Shingon.〔http://www.encyclopedia.com/article-1G2-3402600425/tachikawaryu.html〕 Since most Tachikawa-ryu texts were destroyed much of its history and teachings must be reconstructed. The institutes who do have Tachikawa-ryu texts and information pertaining to the school are generally unsympathetic and hostile towards Tachikawa-ryu ideologies and therefore refuse to lend any sort of help to the matter.(Sanford 1991) The school was founded in 1113 by the Shingon monk Ninkan associated with Daigoji, was exiled from Koyasan to the province of Izu after getting caught on the wrong side of a political dispute. In Izu, he met an Onmyoji ( Onmyodo:Taoism, Japanese esoteric cosmology) master from "Musashi no Tachikawa (Tachikawa of Musashi Province)" named Kenren (見蓮 also 兼蓮). Together the two created the school of Tachikawa-ryu.〔(Sanford 1991)〕 Ninkan taught mikkyo to specialist in yin-yang and Yijing divination in Musashi region, and regarded as a founder of Tachikawa-ryu, a heretical Shingon sect. Whether or not they can credited to Ninkan himself, the Taoist elements in Fuju shu rituals are plain to see, and would appear at least early Muromachi period.〔Religion in Japan : arrows to heaven and earth / edited by P.F. Kornicki and I.J. McMullen Cambridge University Press New York 1996. ISBN 0521550289 p.14〕 The Fuju shu represents the practice of Tozan-ha which is one of main linages in Shugendo.In the Muromachi period Tozan-ha are under the administrative control of the Sambō-in at Daigoji.〔 Ninkan, a younger brother of Shokaku, the founder of the famous Sambo-in at Daigoji.〔Flowing traces: buddhism in the literary and visual arts of japan,James H. Sanford, William R. LaFleur, Masatoshi Nagatomi - 2014 ; Publisher: Princeton University Press ISBN 9780691603322〕 Tachikawa-ryu must have been largely created within the few months Ninkan was exiled and committed suicide. Many historians believe he is mentioned simply as an apocryphal figure. Regardless, he would have had to draw on ideas already prevalent in Japanese society and within the orthodox branches of Shingon-shū (Shingon Buddhism) at the time, as there simply was not enough time for him to develop an entirely new branch and ideology before he died. Ninkan committed suicide less than a year later in 1114 by throwing himself off a cliff in protest, and it was left to Kenren to propagate the school. (Sanford 1991) Tachikawa-ryu was, like Shingon, based in vajrayana-tantra which were very close in style to Hevajra and Candamaharosana Tantra-based consecrations that had in 10th and 11th centuries. In contradistinction to the "mixed esotericism" of Tantra, of which two medieval movements were termed jakyo (heresies). One of these, injected into Shingon from Tibet via Chinese Daoism, was the Tachikawa-ryu.〔Tantra in Practice. David Gordon White (2001) ISBN 8120817788. Page 21〕 Unlike its orthodox cousin it was much more inclined towards 'secret' left-hand tantra rituals with its usage of sexual energy as a method to attain bliss. Ninkan primarily used, founder of Shingon, Kōbō Daishi's (Kūkai 空海) text ''sokushin jōbutsu'' (即身成仏) (Bodily Buddhahood) to support his ideologies and views. This caused discontent in the orthodox followers. It appears from the historical record that Tachikawa-ryu was very widely accepted and practiced and by the middle of the 13th century during the Nanboku-chō period had become a major contender with the orthodox branch of Shingon. This marks what is considered the second period of the school. Beginning in the 13th century the orthodox branch of Shingon at Koyasan began a smear campaign against Tachikawa-ryu. This second period lasted until about 1500AD. The discrimination and attack by the orthodox branch at Koyasan reached its climax in about 1470AD. From 1470-1500 marks the beginning of the third period, of the school. By this time the orthodox branch of Shingon had managed to formally denounce and excommunicate most teachings and practitioners of Tachikawa-ryu form its ranks. However, it was still very popular with the general populace. Tachikawa-ryu works were still published in works such as ''Sangi Isshin-ki'' (The Three Worlds Single Heart), ''Fudō-son Gushō'' (Humble Notes on the Immovable Lord), and ''Konkō-shō'' (Compendium of the Primal Cavity). Tachikawa-ryu ideas and influences also appeared in cultic practices with ''Dual Ganesha'' (双身歓喜天, Sōshin Kangiten) and Aizen Myō-Ō (Ragaraja), and in the other main orthodox school of mikkyo Tendai, in their extinct ''Genshi Kimyōdan'' cult. And also in the teachings and ideologies of Jodoshinshu (Pure Land Faith), especially the ''Himitsu Nembutsu'' (Secret Mystery of Mindfulness of Amida Buddha) developed by Kakuban and Dōhan. (Sanford 1991) 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Tachikawa-ryu」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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