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Takatāpui
''Takatāpui'' (also spelt ''takataapui'') is the Māori word meaning a devoted partner of the same sex.〔Hutchins, 145.〕〔Sears, 592-3.〕〔Tregear, 452.〕 In modern terminology, a person that identifies as takatāpui is a Māori individual who is queer, in other words gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender or transsexual (LGBT).〔Hutchins, 7-13.〕〔 ''Takatāpui'' is used nowadays in response to Western construction of "sexuality, gender, and corresponding identity expressions." (Gender identity and sexual identity).〔〔 The term encompasses not only aspects of sexuality but also one's cultural identity.〔〔Hutchins, 15-6.〕 ''Takatāpui'' incorporates both a sense of indigenous identity and communicates sexual orientation; it has become an umbrella term to build solidarity among sexuality and gender minorities within Māori communities.〔Leap, page 174-180.〕
''Takatāpui'' is not a new term, but the application of it is recent.〔 The ''Dictionary of the Māori Language''—first compiled by missionary Herbert Williams in 1832—notes the definition as "intimate companion of the same sex".〔Hutchins, 15.〕 After a long period of disuse there has been a resurgence since the 1980s for a label to describe an individual that is both Māori and non-heterosexual.〔〔 The word takatāpui was found to have existed in pre-colonial New Zealand to describe relationships between people of the same sex.〔 The existence of this word repudiates the conservative Māori argument that homosexuality did not exist in Māori society prior to the arrival of Europeans.〔〔
==Hinemoa and Tutanekai==
The classic and earliest full account of the origins of gods and the first human beings is contained in a manuscript entitled ''Nga Tama a Rangi'' (''The Sons of Heaven''), written in 1849 by Wī Maihi Te Rangikāheke, of the Ngāti Rangiwewehi tribe of Rotorua. The manuscript "gives a clear and systematic account of Māori religious beliefs and beliefs about the origin of many natural phenomena, the creation of woman, the origin of death, and the fishing up of lands. No other version of this myth is presented in such a connected and systematic way, but all early accounts, from whatever area or tribe, confirm the general validity of the Rangikāheke version. It begins as follows: 'My friends, listen to me. The Māori people stem from only one source, namely the Great-heaven-which-stands-above, and the Earth-which-lies-below. According to Europeans, God made heaven and earth and all things. According to the Māori, Heaven (Rangi) and Earth (Papa) are themselves the source'" (Biggs 1966:448).〔Grey published an edited version of Te Rangikāheke's story in ''Nga Mahi a Nga Tupuna'', and translated it into English as ''Polynesian Mythology''. Grey 1971 and Grey 1956 are later editions of these early works. Later scholars, however, have been critical of the editing methods used by Grey.〕
One of the great love stories of the Māori world is the legend of Hinemoa and Tutanekai. The story remains popular and is retold in songs, films, cultural theatre and dance.〔Laurie, 1-3.〕 Hinemoa defies her family to claim Tutanekai, her "heart's desire" - the lovechild of a chief's wife who was not her social equal.〔 In reading Te Rangikāheke's original version in Māori, Laurie found that Tutanekai had a male friend, ''hoa takatāpui'' and Tutaneka was "nowhere near as impressed by Hinemoa as the romantic Victorian narrative had construed".〔 After Tutanekai became united with Hinemoa, Tiki famously grieved for the loss of his ''hoa takatāpui''. Tutanekai, feeling grieved as well, arranged that his younger sister marry Tiki to console him.〔(Myth of Hinemoa and Tutanekai )〕 While no-one can say Tutanekai and Tiki were sexually involved, their relationship was accepted to be intimate beyond mere friendship, and the story illustrates the concept that ''takatāpui'' in traditional Māori life was not exactly the same as constructions of contemporary homosexuality in Western societies.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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