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The term ''Tanbur'', ''Tanbūr'', ''Tanbura'', ''Tambur'', ''Tambura'' or ''Tanboor'' ) can refer to various long-necked, string instrument originating in Mesopotamia, Southern or Central Asia. According to the ''New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians'', "terminology presents a complicated situation. Nowadays the term tanbur (or tambur) is applied to a variety of distinct and related long-necked string instruments used in art and folk traditions in India, Iraqi Kurdistan, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Turkey, Tajikestan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan.〔〔 Similar or identical instruments are also known by other terms."〔 ==Origins == Tanburs have been present in Mesopotamia since the Akkadian era, or the third millennium BC.〔 Three figurines have been found in Susa that belong to 1500 BC, and in hands of one of them is a tanbur-like instrument.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=تنبور (یا تمبور/ طنبور) )〕 Also an image on the rocks near Mosul that belong to about 1000 B shows tanbur players.〔 Playing the tanbur was common at least by the late Parthian era and Sassanid period,〔Jean During, Spirit of Sounds : ''The Unique Art of Ostad Elahi (1895-1974)'', ASSOCIATED UNIVERSITY PRESS, ISBN 978-0-8453-4884-0, ISBN 0-8453-4884-1〕 and the word 'tanbur' is found in middle Persian and Parthian language texts, for instance in ''Drakht-i Asurig, Bundahishn, Kar-Namag i Ardashir i Pabagan,'' and ''Khosrow and Ridag''.〔:fa:خسرو و ریدگ〕〔 In the tenth century AD Al-Farabi described two types of tanburs found in Persia, a Baghdad ''tunbūr'', distributed south and west of Baghdad, and a Khorasan ''tunbūr''.〔〔 This distinction may be the source of modern differentiation between Arabic instruments, derived from the Baghdad ''tunbūr'', and those found in northern Iraq, Syria, Iran, Sindh and Turkey, from the Khorasan ''tunbūr''.〔 The Persian name spread widely, eventually taking in Long-necked string instruments used in Central Asian music such as the Dombura and the classical Turkish tambur as well as the Kurdish tembûr.〔〔 Until the early twentieth century, the names ''chambar'' and ''jumbush'' were applied to instruments in northern Iraq.〔 In India the name was applied to the ''tanpura'' (tambura), a fretless drone lute.〔 Tanbur traveled through Al-Hirah to the Arabian Peninsula and in the early Islam period went to the European countries. Tanbur was called 'tunbur' or 'tunbureh/tunbura' in Al-Hirah, and in Greek it was named tambouras, then went to albania as tampura, in Russia it was named domra, in Siberia and Mongolia as dombra, and in Byzantine Empire was named pandura/bandura. It travelled through Byzantine Empire to other European countries and was called pandura, mandura, bandura, etc.〔 Later the Iranian (Kurdish) tanbur became associated with the music of the Ahl-e Haqq, a primarily Kurdish ghulat religious movement similar to a Sufi order, in Kurdish areas and in the Lorestān and Sistan va Baluchestan provinces of Iran, where it is called the 'tembûr'. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Tanbur」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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