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Tapovan
Tapovan (Sanskrit) comes from the two root words ''tapas'' - meaning pain or suffering, and by extension religious mortification and austerity, and more generally spiritual practice, and ''vana,'' meaning forest or thicket. ''Tapovan'' then translates as ''forest of austerities or spiritual practice''.
Traditionally in India, any place where someone has engaged in serious spiritual retreat may become known as a tapovan, even if there is no forest. As well as particular caves and other hermitages where sages and sadhus have dwelt, there are some places, such as the western bank of the northern Ganges river around Rishikesh, that have been so used by hermits that the whole area has become known as a ''tapovan''.
==Tapovan (place)==
The most well known ''tapovan'' in India is the area above the Gangotri Glacier at one of the primary sources of the Ganges, in Uttarakhand, India. At the foot of Shivling peak, a barren area at about 4,463m (14640 feet) elevation, is a seasonal home to several sadhus living in caves, huts etc. and it has become a trekking destination also.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.tourmyindia.com.au/tour-pdf/Gomukh-Tapovan-Trek.pdf )〕 The trekking usually starts from Gomukh and the trek was considered moderate to difficult 〔 prior to the destruction of much of the trail from Gangotri to Gamukh by the 2013 North Indian Floods. Tapovan area is base camp for several mountaineering expeditions including Shivling peak, Bhagirathi peak etc. Tapovan area is full of meadows, streams and flowering plants and the meadows are considered as one of the best high altitude meadow in India.〔 There is also a place named Nandanvan near Tapovan, and Nandavan is also trekked by trekkers and pilgrims.〔 Nandanvan is also a spacious meadow located at the base of Bhagirathi massiff.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.exotic-himalayas.com/sources-ganges-trekking.html )〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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