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In Shi'a Islam,〔 ''taqiya'' ( ''/'') is a form of religious dissimulation, or a legal dispensation whereby a believing individual can deny his faith or commit otherwise illegal or blasphemous acts, especially while they are in fear or at risk of significant persecution. Al-Jamil's "Hiding in Plain Sight" explains: ''...social behaviors associated with religious dissimulation - known as "taqiyya,” a practice in which a Shi’ite can lie about their faith in order to save a life."〔Al-Jamil, Tariq. "Hiding in Plain Sight: Shi’i Islam, Secrecy and Religious Dissimulation in Social Practice, Published by Swarthmore College. Assistant Professor of Religion Tariq al-Jamil explores the bodily practices and social behaviors associated with religious dissimulation - known as "taqiyya,” a practice in which a Shi’ite can lie about their faith in order to save a life - in 13th- and 14th-century Iraq. Professor al-Jamil is an expert on medieval Islamic social history and law, with a particular focus on Shi'ism. He has conducted research on Sunni-Shi'i relations and can address issues related to the academic study of Islam and the social history of Iraq, Iran, Egypt and Saudi Arabia. His published works and research interests include Islam and inter-communal violence, pre-modern religious identity, religious dissimulation, the transmission of knowledge in Islam, and women in Islamic jurisprudence." (2011).〕'' This practice was emphasized in Shi'a Islam whereby adherents may conceal their religion when they are under threat, persecution, or compulsion.〔("Taqiyah" ). ''Oxford Dictionary of Islam''. John L. Esposito, Ed. Oxford University Press. 2003. Retrieved 25 May 2011.〕 Taqiyya was developed to protect Shi'ites who were usually in the minority and under pressure from the majority Sunni Muslims, and Shi'a Muslims as the persecuted minority have taken recourse to dissimulation from the time of the ''mihna'' (persecution) under Al-Ma'mun in the 9th century, while the politically dominant Sunnites rarely found it necessary to resort to dissimulation. In summary, Yarden Mariuma writes: "Taqiyya is an Islamic juridical term whose shifting meaning relates to when a Muslim is allowed, under Sharia law, to lie. A concept whose meaning has varied significantly among Islamic sects, scholars, countries, and political regimes"〔Mariuma, Yarden. "Taqiyya as Polemic, Law and Knowledge: Following an Islamic Legal Term through the Worlds of Islamic Scholars, Ethnographers, Polemicists and Military Men." The Muslim World 104.1-2 (2014): 89-108.〕 In Sunni jurisprudence, denying faith under duress or other permissible reasons as per Islamic law is viewed "only at most permitted and not under all circumstances obligatory".〔 In the Shi'a view, taqiyya is lawful in situations where there is overwhelming danger of loss of life or property and where no danger to religion would occur thereby.〔 Taqiyya has also been legitimised, particularly among Twelver Shia, in order to maintain Muslim unity and fraternity. ==Etymology and Quranic basis== The term ''taqiyya'' ((アラビア語:تقیة) ''/'') is derived from the Arabic triliteral root ''wāw-qāf-yā'', denoting "fear", or "prudence, guarding against (a danger)".〔(root:وقي (corpus.quran.com) )〕 Term ''taqwa'' "piety" (lit. "fear (God )") is from the same root.〔Lewisohn, L. "Taḳwā (a.)." ''Encyclopaedia of Islam'', Second Edition. Edited by: P. Bearman; , Th. Bianquis; , C.E. Bosworth; , E. van Donzel; and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2010. Brill Online. University of Toronto. 13 July 2010 ()〕 The term is derived from the Quranic reference to religious dissimulation in Sura 3:28: :"Let not the believers take the unbelievers for protectors rather than believers; and whoever does this, he shall have nothing of (the guardianship of) Allah, but you should guard yourselves against them, guarding carefully (''illā an tattaqū minhum tuqāt'')." The two words ''tattaqū'' ("you fear") and ''tuqāt'' "in fear" are derived from this root, and the abstract noun ''taqiyyah'' refers to the general principle connected with the situation described here, first recorded in a Qur'anic gloss by Al-Bukhari (9th century).〔Goldziher (1906:216).〕 Regarding 3:28, Ibn Kathir writes, "meaning, except those believers who in some areas or times fear for their safety from the disbelievers. In this case, such believers are allowed to show friendship to the disbelievers outwardly, but never inwardly." He quotes Muhammad's companion, Abu Ad-Darda', who said "we smile in the face of some people although our hearts curse them," and Al-Hasan who said "the Tuqyah is acceptable till the Day of Resurrection." A similar instance of the Qur'an permitting dissimulation under compulsion is found in Sura 16:106,〔 "He who disbelieves in Allah after his having believed, not he who is compelled while his heart is at rest on account of faith, but he who opens (his) breast to disbelief-- on these is the wrath of Allah, and they shall have a grievous chastisement." ((Arabic original ))〕 Sunni and Shi'a commentators alike observe that verse 16:106 refers to the case of 'Ammar b. Yasir, who was forced to renounce his beliefs under physical duress and torture.〔 The term for the related concept of ''kitman'' "secrecy, concealment" is derived from a root ''kāf-tā-mīm'' (ك ت م) "conceal".〔(root:كتم (corpus.quran.com) )〕 The two terms ''taqiyyah'' and ''kitman'' may be used synonymously, although the former has the more inclusive meaning of "dissimulation" in general, while the later refers to the "concealment" of one's convictions by silence or omission.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Taqiya」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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