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Tarkhan (Old Turkic ''Tarqan''; Mongolian: ''Darqan'' or ''Darkhan''; (ペルシア語:ترخان); ; ; alternative spellings ''Tarkan'', ''Tarkhaan'', ''Tarqan'', ''Tarchan'', ''Turxan'', ''Tarcan'' or ''Turgan'') is an ancient Central Asian title used by various Indo-Europeans (i.e. Iranian and Tokharian), Turkic peoples, and by the proto-Mongols and Mongols. Its use was common among the successors of the Mongol Empire. == Etymology == The origin of the word is not known. Various historians identify the word as either East Iranian (Sogdian, or Khotanese Saka), Turkic (incl. Hunnic and Xiongnu),〔〔Róna-Tas, András; "(Hungarians and Europe in the early Middle Ages )", Central European University Press, p 228, 1999, ISBN 9639116483〕 or Mongolian. Although Richard N. Frye reports that the word "was probably foreign to Sogdian", hence considered to be a loanword from Turkic, Gerhard Doerfer points out that even in Turkic languages, its plural is not Turkic (sing. ''tarxan'' --> plur. ''tarxat''), suggesting a non-Turkic origin. L. Ligeti comes to the same conclusion, saying that ''"tarxan and tegin () form the wholly un-Turkish plurals tarxat and tegit"'' and that the word was unknown to medieval western Turkic languages, such as Bulgar. Taking this into consideration, the word is most likely derived from medieval Mongolian ''darqat'' (plural suffix -at), itself perhaps derived from the earlier Sogdian word '' *tarxant'' ("free of taxes").〔 A. Alemany gives the additional elaboration that the related East Iranian Scythian (and Alanic) word '' *tarxan'' still survives in Ossetic ''tærxon'' ("argument, trial") and ''tærxon kænyn'' ("to judge").〔 Harold Walter Bailey also proposes an Iranian (Khotanese Saka) root for the word, L. Rogers bears in mind that the word may have originated among the Xiongnu and Huns where it was associated with a title for nobility. Edwin G. Pulleyblank also suggests that both, Turkic ''tarqan'' and Mongolian ''darxan''/''daruyu'', may preserve an original Hunnic word.〔Universität Bonn. Seminar für Sprach- und Kulturwissenschaft Zentralasiens: Zentralasiatische Studien, Vol. 24-26, p.21〕 The word was borrowed by many languages, including Armenian tʿarxan, Georgian t’arxani and Russian тархан through the Mongolian conquests. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Tarkhan」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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