|
Tarot card games are a group of card games played with tarot decks. The basic rules first appeared in the manuscript of Martiano da Tortona, written before 1425.〔(Description of the Michelino deck - Translated text ) at Trionfi.com, by Martiano da Tortona, translated by Ross Caldwell〕 The games, known as "tarot", "tarock", "tarocco" and other spellings, are known in many variations, mostly cultural and regional. The deck which English-speakers call by the French name ''Tarot'' is called ''Tarocco'' in Italian, ''Tarock'' in German and various similar words in other languages. Tarot games originated in Italy, and spread to most parts of Europe, notable exceptions being the British Isles, the Iberian peninsula, and the Balkans.〔David Parlett, ''Oxford Dictionary of Card Games'', pg. 300 Oxford University Press (1996) ISBN 0-19-869173-4〕 They are played with decks having four ordinary suits, and one additional, longer suit of tarots, which are always trumps. They are characterised by the rule that a player who cannot follow to a trick with a card of the suit led ''must'' play a trump to the trick if possible.〔One tarot game, Bavarian Tarock, is in fact played with a deck of four ordinary suits each of nine cards, but has the rule that a player who cannot follow suit must play a trump. 〕 Tarot games may have introduced the concept of trumps to card games. More recent tarot games borrowed features from other games like bidding from Ombre and winning the last trick with the lowest trump from Trappola. Contrary to popular belief, Tarot decks did not precede decks having four suits of the same length,〔"The Tarot pack was invented in northern Italy in about 1425 (). A plethora of references to the cards, from Italy in the XV century () testify to their use as instruments in a special kind of card game. None associates them with the occult, and only one very dubious one hints at a use of them to read individual characters. It was not until the XVIII century that the use of them for divination became widespread in Bologna and France. Their association with the occult originated exclusively in France; neither it nor their use in fortune-telling was propagated in print until 1781." 〕 and they were invented not for occult but for purely gaming purposes.〔"A third particularity () is how widespread is the blanket of darkness enveloping everything to do with Tarots in particular. () The ignorance is largely fostered and reinforced by writers of books on the mystic side of tarot who assert without evidence that tarot-cards were originally invented for fortune telling and only subsequently adapted to the 'less serious' business of gaming — whereas, as our authors patiently explain, the fact of the matter is precisely the reverse". David Parlett in the preface to .〕 Only later were they used for cartomancy and divination, and also as a field for artists to display specific iconographies, often connected to some ideological system. Concrete forms appear at least since the article by Court de Gébelin in the year 1781. ==Tarocco== Tarocco (Italian, plural ''Tarocchi''), and similar names in other languages, is a specific form of playing card deck used for different trick-taking games. An earlier name of the game ''Trionfi'' is first recorded in the diary of Giusto Giusti in September 1440 〔(Franco Pratesi: Studies about Giusto Giusti ) at Trionfi.com〕 (in other early documents also ludus triumphorum or similar 〔(Dates of Early Trionfi notes (- 1465) ) at Trionfi.com, composed by Lothar Teikemeier〕 ). The name ''Tarochi'' was first used in Ferrara June 1505, the name ''Taraux'' appeared in Avignon in December of the same year.〔(First Notes about Tarot in 1505 and later in 1515/16 ) at Trionfi.com〕 The names Tarocco, Tarocchi and Tarot developed in later times beside different writing forms. The poet Francesco Berni still mocked on this word in his ''Capitolo del Gioco della Primiera'' written in 1526.〔Samuel Weller Singer, (''Researches into the history of playing cards'' ) pg. 28 London 1816 "Let him look to it, who is pleased with the game of Tarocco, that the only signification of this word Tarocco, is stupid, foolish, simple, fit only to be used by bakers, cobblers, and the vulgar."〕 The name Trionfi developed later as a general term for trick-taking games (Triomphe in French, Trumpfen in German and Trump in English), although it has almost completely disappeared in its original function as deck name. Other different games claimed the name without any use of Tarocchi cards. The first basic rules for the game of ''Tarocco'' appear in the manuscript of Martiano da Tortona, the next are known from the year 1637.〔(REGLES DV IEV DES TAROTS ) at tarock.info, ; assigned to Abbé Michel de Marolles, printed at Nevers in 1637, transcribed by Thierry Depaulis from the original printed text housed in the Bibliothèque nationale de France〕 Excluding Piedmontese tarocchi, which is more closely related to French tarot, Italian tarocchi have trumps other than the I and XXI that are worth more than one card point. Winning the final trick (''ultimo'') awards a set number of points. Sicilian tarocchi is played in only four towns with 63 cards from the Tarocco Siciliano deck. Tarocchini is confined to Bologna and uses the 62 card Tarocco Bolognese deck. These games have four face cards in each suit but dropped some of their pip cards early in their history. Both decks include 21 trumps and The Fool, a suitless card that excuses the player from following suit. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Tarot card games」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|