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Tartessos ((ギリシア語:Ταρτησσός)) or Tartessus was a semi-mythical harbor city and the surrounding culture on the south coast of the Iberian Peninsula (in modern Andalusia, Spain), at the mouth of the Guadalquivir River. It appears in sources from Greece and the Near East starting during the first millennium BC, for example Herodotus, who describes it as beyond the Pillars of Heracles (Strait of Gibraltar).〔Herodotus, ''The History'', i. 163 ; iv.152.〕 Roman authors tend to echo the earlier Greek sources but from around the end of the millennium there are indications that the name Tartessos had fallen out of use and the city may have been lost to flooding, though several authors attempt to identify it with cities of other names in the area.〔Phillip M. Freeman, Ancient references to Tartessos, chapter 10 in Barry Cunliffe and John T. Koch (eds.), ''Celtic from the West'' (2010)〕 Archaeological discoveries in the region have built up a picture of a more widespread culture, identified as Tartessian, that includes some 97 inscriptions in a Tartessian language. The Tartessians were rich in metal. In the 4th century BC the historian Ephorus describes "a very prosperous market called Tartessos, with much tin carried by river, as well as gold and copper from Celtic lands".〔 Trade in tin was very lucrative in the Bronze Age, since it is an essential component of true bronze and is comparatively rare. Herodotus refers to a king of Tartessos, Arganthonios, presumably named for his wealth in silver. The people from Tartessos became important trading partners of the Phoenicians, whose presence in Iberia dates from the 8th century BC and who nearby built a harbor of their own, Gadir ((ギリシア語:Γάδειρα), (ラテン語:Gades), present-day Cádiz). ==Location== Several early sources, such as Aristotle, refer to Tartessos as a river. Aristotle claims that it rises from the Pyrene Mountain (which we can identify as the Pyrenees) and flows out to sea outside the Pillars of Hercules, the modern Strait of Gibraltar.〔Phillip M. Freeman, Ancient references to Tartessos, chapter 10 in Barry Cunliffe and John T. Koch (eds.), ''Celtic from the West: Alternative Perspectives From Archaeology, Genetics, Language And Literature'' (2010)〕 No such river traverses the Iberian peninsula. According to Pytheas, in the 4th century BC, as reported by Strabo in the 1st century AD, the Turduli occupied the area that was Tartessos which was the Baetis River (Guadalquivir River Andalusia Spain). Pausanias, writing in the 2nd century AD, identified the river and gave details of the location of the city: They say that Tartessus is a river in the land of the Iberians, running down into the sea by two mouths and that between these two mouths lies a city of the same name. The river, which is the largest in Iberia and tidal, those of a later day called Baetis and there are some who think that Tartessus was the ancient name of Carpia, a city of the Iberians.〔Pausanias ''Description of Greece'' 6.XIX.3.〕 The river known in his day as the Baetis is now the Guadalquivir. Thus, Tartessos may be buried, Schulten thought, under the shifting wetlands. The river delta has gradually been blocked by a sandbar that stretches from the mouth of the Rio Tinto, near Palos de la Frontera, to the riverbank that is opposite Sanlúcar de Barrameda. The area is now protected as the ''Parque Nacional de Doñana''.〔Thirty kilometers inland there still is a mining town by the name of Tarsis.〕 In the 1st century AD, Pliny〔Pliny, ''Natural History'', 3.7.〕 incorrectly identified the city of Carteia as the Tartessos mentioned in Greek sources while Strabo just commented Carteia is identified as El Rocadillo, near S. Roque, Province of Cádiz, some distance away from the Guadalquivir.〔(Richard J. A. Talbert (ed.), ''Map-by-Map Directory to Accompany the Barrington Atlas of The Greek and Roman World'' (2000), p. 419. )〕 In the 2nd century AD Appian thought that Karpessos (Carpia) was previously known as Tartessos.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Tartessos」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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