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The Tatars (Mongolic "Татар", Old Turkic ''tatar'';〔recorded in 8th-century Orkhon script as ''t¹t¹r¹'' 10px10px10px〕 modern Volga Tatar: ; (ロシア語:татары)) are a Turkic people living in Asia and Europe. The name "Tatar" first appears in written form on the Kul Tigin monument as 10px10px10px10px10px10px10px10px10px10px Otuz Tatar Bodun ('Thirty Tatar' tribe) CE. 732. Tatars formed one of the five major tribal confederations (''khanlig'') in the Mongolian plateau in the 12th century. After the establishment of the Mongol Empire under Genghis Khan in 1206, the Empire subjugated the Tatars. Under the leadership of Genghis Khan's grandson Batu Khan (c. 1207–1255), they moved westwards, driving with them many of the Turkic peoples toward the plains of Russia. The "Tatar" clan still exists among the Mongols and Hazaras. Russians and Europeans used the name ''Tatar'' to denote Mongols as well as Turkic peoples under Mongol rule (especially in the Golden Horde). Later, it applied to any Turkic- or Mongolic-speaking people encountered by Russians. Eventually however, the name became associated with the Turkic Muslims of Ukraine and Russia, namely, the descendants of Muslim Volga Bulgars, Kipchaks, and Cumans, and Turkicized Mongols or Turko-Mongols (Nogais), as well as other Turkic-speaking peoples (Siberian Tatars, Qasim Tatars, Mishar Tatars)〔Encyclopædia Britannica: Tatar, also spelled Tartar, any member of several Turkic-speaking peoples ... ()〕〔The Columbia Encyclopedia: Tatars (tä´tərz) or Tartars (tär´tərz), Turkic-speaking peoples living primarily in Russia, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan. ()〕〔Meriam-Webster: Tatar – a member of any of a group of Turkic peoples found mainly in the Tatar Republic of Russia and parts of Siberia and central Asia ()〕〔Oxford Dictionaries: Tatar – a member of a Turkic people living in Tatarstan and various other parts of Russia and Ukraine.() 〕〔 Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa: Turks are an ethnolinguistic group living in a broad geographic expanse extending from southeastern Europe through Anatolia and the Caucasus Mountains and throughout Central Asia. Thus Turks include the Turks of Turkey, the Azeris of Azerbaijan, and the Kazakhs, Kyrgyz, Tatars, Turkmen, and Uzbeks of Central Asia, as well as many smaller groups in Asia speaking Turkic languages. () 〕 in the territory of the former Russian Empire (and as such generally includes all Northwestern Turkic-speaking peoples).〔Encyclopædia Britannica: Tatar, also spelled Tartar, any member of several Turkic-speaking peoples ... () The Columbia Encyclopedia: Tatars (tä´tərz) or Tartars (tär´tərz), Turkic-speaking peoples living primarily in Russia, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan. () Meriam-Webster: Tatar – a member of any of a group of Turkic peoples found mainly in the Tatar Republic of Russia and parts of Siberia and central Asia () Oxford Dictionaries: Tatar – a member of a Turkic people living in Tatarstan and various other parts of Russia and Ukraine. They are the descendants of the Tartars who ruled central Asia in the 14th century. () Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa: Turks are an ethnolinguistic group living in a broad geographic expanse extending from southeastern Europe through Anatolia and the Caucasus Mountains and throughout Central Asia. Thus Turks include the Turks of Turkey, the Azeris of Azerbaijan, and the Kazakhs, Kyrgyz, Tatars, Turkmen, and Uzbeks of Central Asia, as well as many smaller groups in Asia speaking Turkic languages. () 〕 The Tatars formed the Turkic-speaking population of Tartary - the lands ruled by Mongol élites from the 14th century until their conquest by the Russian Empire in the 18th to 19th centuries. During the early modern period, a distinction was made between the European and Asian Tatar territories, by referring to Lesser Tartary and Greater Tartary, respectively. The largest group by far that the Russians have called "Tatars" are the Volga Tatars, native to the Volga region (Tatarstan and Bashkortostan), who for this reason are often also simply known as "Tatars", with their language known as the Tatar language. they had an estimated population close to 6 million. ==History== As various nomadic groups became part of Genghis Khan's army in the early 13th century, a fusion of Mongol and Turkic elements took place, and the invaders of Rus and the Pannonian Basin became known to Europeans as Tatars or Tartars (see Tatar yoke).〔 After the breakup of the Mongol Empire, the Tatars became especially identified with the western part of the empire, known as the Golden Horde.〔 The various Tatar khanates of the early modern period are the remnants after the breakup of the Golden Horde, and its successor, the Great Horde. These include: *the Khanate of Kazan (1438), conquered by the Tsardom of Russia in 1552, but continued as a Russian vassal state, within the Qasim Khanate (established 1452), until 1681. *the Nogai Horde (1440s), conquered by Russia in 1634. *the Khanate of Crimea (1441), conquered by the Russian Empire in 1783. *the Kazakh Khanate (1456), gradual Russian conquest in the 18th century, but finally absorbed into the Russian Empire only in 1847. *the Khanate of Astrakhan (1466), conquered by Russia in 1556. *the Tyumen Khanate (1468, later Khanate of Sibir), conquered by the Tsardom of Russia in 1598. The Mongol dominance in Central Asia was absolute during the 14th and 15th centuries. The Crimean-Nogai raids into Russia were especially for the capture of slaves, most of whom were exported to the Ottoman Empire. The raids were an important drain of the human and economic resources of both countries. They largely prevented the settlement of the "Wild Fields" – the steppe and forest-steppe land that extends from a hundred or so miles south of Moscow to the Black Sea. The raids were also important in the development of the Cossacks. The end of absolute Tatar dominance came in the late 15th century, heralded by the Great stand on the Ugra river in 1480. The 16th to 18th centuries were characterized by the gradual expansion of Russia and absorption of the Tatar khanates into Russian territory. The Crimean Tatars attacked Russia in 1507, followed by two centuries of Russo-Crimean Wars for the Volga basin. Similarly, the Russo-Kazan Wars lasted for the best part of a century and ended with the Russian conquest of the Kazan khanate. The last of the Tatar khanates was that of the Kazakhs, independent until 1822. Their last ruler, Kenesary Khan was proclaimed khan of the Kazakhs when the Russian Empire was already fully in control of Kazakhstan, and the Kazakhs were prohibited by Russian law from selecting their leader after 1822. Kenesary Khan's popular rise was in defiance of Russian control of Kazakhstan, and his time as khan was spent on continuous fighting with the Russian imperial forces until his death in 1847. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Tatars」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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