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Tapas (Sanskrit)
Tapas (Sanskrit "heat") refers to spiritual practices including deep meditation,〔 reasoned self-discipline〔 and effort to achieve self-realization, often involving solitude, hermitism or asceticism;〔Lowitz, L., & Datta, R. (2004). Sacred Sanskrit Words: For Yoga, Chant, and Meditation. Stone Bridge Press, Inc.; see Tapas or tapasya in Sanskrit means, the conditioning of the body through the proper kinds and amounts of diet, rest, bodily training, meditation, etc., to bring it to the greatest possible state of creative power. It involves practicing the art of controlling materialistic desires to attain moksha.(Yoga, Meditation on Om, Tapas, and Turiya in the principal Upanishads ), Chicago〕〔(Sanskrit-English phrases ), France; this source is in French, use translator; see tapas, tapa and tap on page 28〕
In the Vedas literature of Hinduism, fusion words based on ''tapas'' are widely used to expound several spiritual concepts that develop through heat or inner energy, such as meditation, any process to reach special observations and insights, the spiritual ecstasy of a yogin or tāpasa (a vṛddhi derivative meaning "a practitioner of austerities, an ascetic"), even warmth of sexual intimacy.〔Kaelber, W. O. (1976). ("Tapas", Birth, and Spiritual Rebirth in the Veda ), ''History of Religions'', 15(4), 343-386〕 In certain contexts, the term is also used to mean penance, suffering, austerity, pious activity, as well as misery.〔(Sanskrit-English Dictionary ) Germany; See the word Tapas〕 The word ''tapasvinī'' for example, means a female devotee or pious woman, "an ascetic, someone practicing austerities", or in some contexts it can mean poor, miserable woman.〔(Sanskrit-English Dictionary ) Germany; see the word tapasvinI.〕
==Ancient texts and scriptures==
Tapas implies meditation and reasoned moral self-discipline,〔 considered to be a means to realize ātman (self) in ancient texts of India.〔 The ''Chāndogya Upaniṣad'' suggests that those who engage in ritualistic offerings to gods and priests will fail in their spiritual practice while those who engage in tapas and self-examination will succeed.〔 The ''Śvetāśvatara Upaniṣad'' states that realization of self requires a search for truth and tapas, meditation.〔〔CR Prasad, Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Editor: Knut Jacobsen (2010), Volume II, Brill, ISBN 978-90-04-17893-9, see Article on ''Brahman'', pp 724-729〕
Meditation and achievement of lucid knowledge is declared essential to self realization in ancient scriptures. Texts by Adi Sankara suggests tapas is important, but not sufficient for spiritual practice. Later Hindu scholars introduce a discussion of ‘false ascetic’, as one who go through the mechanics of tapas, without meditating on the nature of Brahman.〔 Tapas is an element of spiritual path, state Indian texts.〔David Carpenter, Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Editor: Knut Jacobsen (2010), Volume II, Brill, ISBN 978-90-04-17893-9, see Article on ''Tapas'', pp 865-869〕〔 The concept is extensively mentioned in the Vedas,〔(A Vedic concordance ), Maurice Bloomfield, Harvard University Press, pp. 402-404〕 and the Upanishads.〔(Upanishad Vakya Kosha - A Concordance of the Principal Upanishads and Bhagavad Gita ) G.A. Jacob, Motilal Banarsidass, pp. 395-397〕
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