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Jewish prayer (, ''tefillah'' (:tefiˈla); plural , ''tefillos'' or ''tefillot'' (:tefiˈlot); Yiddish תּפֿלה ''tfile'' (:ˈtfɪlə), plural תּפֿלות ''tfilles'' (:ˈtfɪləs); Yinglish: davening from Yiddish דאַוונען ''daven'' ‘to pray’) are the prayer recitations and Jewish meditation traditions that form part of the observance of Rabbinic Judaism. These prayers, often with instructions and commentary, are found in the ''siddur'', the traditional Jewish prayer book. In general, Jewish men are obligated to pray three times a day within specific time ranges (zmanim), while, according to tradition, women are only required to pray once daily, as they are generally exempted from obligations that are time dependent. Traditionally, three prayer services are recited daily: # ''Shacharit'' or ''Shaharit'' (שַחֲרִת), from the Hebrew ''shachar'' or ''shahar'' (שַחָר) "morning light," # ''Mincha'' or ''Minha'' (מִנְחָה), the afternoon prayers named for the flour offering that accompanied sacrifices at the Temple in Jerusalem, # ''Arvit'' (עַרְבִית) or ''Maariv'' (מַעֲרִיב), from "nightfall." Additional prayers: * ''Musaf'' (מוּסָף, "additional") are recited by Orthodox and Conservative congregations on Shabbat, major Jewish holidays (including Chol HaMoed), and Rosh Chodesh. * A fifth prayer service, ''Ne'ila'' (נְעִילָה, "closing"), is recited only on Yom Kippur, the Day of Atonement. According to the Talmud, prayer is a Biblical commandment〔Tractate Taanit 2a, in reference to : "You shall serve God with your whole heart.〕 and the Talmud Bavli gives two reasons why there are three basic prayers: to recall the daily sacrifices at the Temple in Jerusalem, and/or because each of the Patriarchs instituted one prayer: Abraham the morning, Isaac the afternoon and Jacob the evening.〔Tractate Berachoth 26b: the morning sacrifice ''Tamid'', the afternoon ''Tamid'', and the overnight burning of the afternoon offering. The latter view is supported with Biblical quotes indicating that the Patriarchs prayed at the times mentioned. However, even according to this view, the exact times of when the services are held, and moreover the entire concept of a ''mussaf'' service, are still based on the sacrifices.〕 The Talmud yerushalmi states that the Anshei Knesset HaGedola ("The Men of the Great Assembly") learned and understood the beneficial concept of regular daily prayer from personal habits of the forefathers (''avoth'', Avraham, Isaac, Yaacov) as hinted in the Tanach, and instituted the three daily prayers.〔“'Anshei Knesset HaGedolah' – Men of the Great Assembly; founded by Ezra in approximately 520 B.C.E.; instituted the “Shemoneh Esray” Prayer (recited at least three times daily, and ultimately to serve as a substitute for the Temple Sacrifices), and the enacting of many Laws to protect and bolster the observance of the Torah Commands.” ~ 〕 A distinction is made between individual prayer and communal prayer, which requires a quorum known as a ''minyan'', with communal prayer being preferable as it permits the inclusion of prayers that otherwise must be omitted. Maimonides (1135–1204 CE) relates that until the Babylonian exile (586 BCE), all Jews composed their own prayers, but thereafter the sages of the Great Assembly composed the main portions of the ''siddur''.〔Mishneh Torah, Laws of Prayer 1:4〕 Modern scholarship dating from the Wissenschaft des Judentums movement of 19th century Germany, as well as textual analysis influenced by the 20th Century discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls, suggests that dating from this period there existed "liturgical formulations of a communal nature designated for particular occasions and conducted in a centre totally independent of Jerusalem and the Temple, making use of terminology and theological concepts that were later to become dominant in Jewish and, in some cases, Christian prayer." The language of the prayers, while clearly from the Second Temple period (516 BCE – 70 CE), often employs Biblical idiom. Jewish prayerbooks emerged during the early Middle Ages during the period of the Geonim of Babylonia (6th–11th Centuries CE)〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Jewish Liturgy: The Siddur and the Mahzor )〕 Over the last two thousand years variations have emerged among the traditional liturgical customs of different Jewish communities, such as Ashkenazic, Sephardic, Yemenite, Hassidic, and others, however the differences are minor compared with the commonalities. Most of the Jewish liturgy is sung or chanted with traditional melodies or trope. Synagogues may designate or employ a professional or lay ''hazzan'' (cantor) for the purpose of leading the congregation in prayer, especially on Shabbat or holidays. ==Origin and history of Jewish prayer== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Jewish prayer」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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