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Tektology
Tektology (sometimes transliterated as "tectology") is a term used by Alexander Bogdanov to describe a discipline that consisted of unifying all social, biological and physical sciences by considering them as systems of relationships and by seeking the organizational principles that underlie all systems. Tectology is now regarded as a precursor of systems theory and related aspects of synergetics.〔http://www.worldsocialism.org/spgb/apr07/page10.html〕 The word "tectology" was developed by Ernst Haeckel,〔Originally the term denoted "a branch of morphology that regards an organism as made up of other organisms" (from Greek τέκτων, ''tektōn'' "builder").〕 but Bogdanov used it for a different purpose.〔http://www.nndb.com/people/744/000091471/〕〔(Ernst Haeckel, ''The Wonders of Life: A Popular Study of Biological Philosophy'' )〕
== Overview ==
His work ''Tektology: Universal Organization Science'', published in Russia between 1912 and 1917, anticipated many of the ideas that were popularized later by Norbert Wiener in Cybernetics and Ludwig von Bertalanffy in the General Systems Theory. There are suggestions that both Wiener and von Bertalanffy might have read the German edition of ''Tektology'' which was published in 1928.〔Gorelik, 1975; Mattessich, 1978.〕
In ''Sources and Precursors of Bogdanov's Tectology'', James White (1998) acknowledged the intellectual debt of Bogdanov's work on tectology to the ideas of Ludwig Noiré. His work drew on the ideas of Noiré who in the 1870s also attempted to construct a monistic system using the principle of conservation of energy as one of its structural elements.
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