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Tenente revolts
The Tenente revolts ((ポルトガル語:movimento tenentista, revoltas tenentistas)) of 1922 and 1924–27 were uprisings led by junior army officers ((ポルトガル語:tenentes), , ''lieutenants'') who contributed significantly to the Brazilian Revolution of 1930.
==Background==
The first decades of the 20th century saw marked economic and social change in Brazil. With manufacturing on the rise, the central government—dominated by the coffee oligarchs and the old order of ''café com leite'' and ''coronelismo''—came under threat from the political aspirations of new urban groups: professionals, government and white-collar workers, merchants, bankers, and industrialists. In parallel, growing prosperity encouraged a rapid rise in the population of new working class Southern and Eastern European immigrants, who contributed to the growth of trade unionism, anarchism, and socialism.〔Brazil: Poppino, Rollie E.; the Land and People: The Land and the People 2nd edition p. 253; Oxford University Press, 1973 ASIN B001P7H4M4〕 In the post-World War I period, Brazil saw its first wave of general strikes and the establishment of the Communist Party in 1922.〔Ameringer, Charles D.; Political Parties of the Americas, 1980s to 1990s: Canada, Latin America, and the West Indies p. 123; Greenwood Publishing Group, 1992 ISBN 0-313-27418-5〕
A new class of army junior officer ((ポルトガル語:tenente)) had emerged who were trained to European standards and believed themselves superior to their senior officers. In addition, various senior officers had become identified with the government and political structure, a source of criticism from the ''tenentes''.〔McCann, Frank D.; ''Soldiers of the Pátria: A History of the Brazilian Army, 1889–1937'' p. 261; Stanford University Press, 2004; ISBN 0-8047-3222-1〕
Meanwhile, the divergence of interests between the coffee oligarchs and the burgeoning, dynamic urban sectors was intensifying. According to Latin American historian Benjamin Keen, the task of transforming society "fell to the rapidly growing urban bourgeois groups, and especially to the middle class, which began to voice even more strongly its discontent with the rule of the corrupt rural oligarchies". In contrast, despite a wave of general strikes in the post-war years, the labour movement remained small and weak, lacking ties to the peasantry, who constituted the overwhelming majority of the Brazilian population. As a result, rather disparate and disjointed social reform movements would crop up in the 1920s.
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