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Tengrism (sometimes spelled Tengriism), occasionally referred to as Tengrianism is a Central Asian religion characterized by features of shamanism, animism, totemism, both polytheism and monotheism,〔 The spelling ''Tengrism'' is found in the 1960s, e.g. Bergounioux (ed.), ''Primitive and prehistoric religions'', Volume 140, Hawthorn Books, 1966, p. 80. ''Tengrianism'' is a reflection of the Russian term, . It is reported in 1996 ("so-called Tengrianism") in Shnirelʹman (ed.), ''Who gets the past?: competition for ancestors among non-Russian intellectuals in Russia'', Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 1996, ISBN 978-0-8018-5221-3, (p. 31 ) in the context of the nationalist rivalry over Bulgar legacy. The spellings ''Tengriism'' and ''Tengrianity'' are later, reported (deprecatingly, in scare quotes) in 2004 in ''Central Asiatic journal'', vol. 48–49 (2004), (p. 238 ). The Turkish term is also found from the 1990s. Mongolian is used in a 1999 biography of Genghis Khan (Boldbaatar et. al, , , 1999, (p. 18 )).〕〔R. Meserve, Religions in the central Asian environment. In: (History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Volume IV ), The age of achievement: A.D. 750 to the end of the fifteenth century, Part Two: The achievements, p. 68: *"''() The ‘imperial’ religion was more monotheistic, centred around the all-powerful god Tengri, the sky god.''"〕〔Michael Fergus, Janar Jandosova, (Kazakhstan: Coming of Age ), Stacey International, 2003, p.91: *"''() a profound combination of monotheism and polytheism that has come to be known as Tengrism.''"〕〔H. B. Paksoy, (Tengri in Eurasia ), 2008〕〔Napil Bazylkhan, Kenje Torlanbaeva in: (Central Eurasian Studies Society ), Central Eurasian Studies Society, 2004, p.40〕 and ancestor worship. Historically, it was the prevailing religion of the Turks, Mongols, and Hungarians, as well as the Xiongnu and the Huns.〔"There is no doubt that between the 6th and 9th centuries Tengrism was the religion among the nomads of the steppes" Yazar András Róna-Tas, ''Hungarians and Europe in the early Middle Ages: an introduction to early Hungarian history'', Yayıncı Central European University Press, 1999, ISBN 978-963-9116-48-1, (p. 151 ).〕 It was the state religion of the six ancient Turkic states: Göktürks Khaganate, Avar Khaganate, Western Turkic Khaganate, Great Bulgaria, Bulgarian Empire and Eastern Tourkia. In ''Irk Bitig'', Tengri is mentioned as ''Türük Tängrisi'' (God of Turks).〔Jean-Paul Roux, Die alttürkische Mythologie, p. 255〕 The term is perceived among Turkic peoples as a ''national'' religion. As a modern revival, Tengrism has been advocated among intellectual circles of the Turkic nations of Central Asia, including Tatarstan, Buryatia, Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan, in the years following the dissolution of the Soviet Union (1990s to present). It is still actively practiced and undergoing an organised revival in Sakha, Khakassia, Tuva, and other Turkic nations in Siberia. Burkhanism is a movement kindred to Tengrism concentrated in Altay. ''Khukh'' and ''Tengri'' literally mean "blue" and "sky" in Mongolian and modern Mongolians still pray to "Munkh Khukh Tengri" ("Eternal Blue Sky"). Therefore Mongolia is sometimes poetically referred to by Mongolians as the "Land of Eternal Blue Sky" ("Munkh Khukh Tengriin Oron" in Mongolian). In modern Turkey Tengriism is also known as the ''Göktanrı dini'', "Sky God religion", Turkish "Gök" (sky) and "Tanrı" (God) corresponding to the Mongolian ''khukh'' (blue) and ''Tengri'' (sky), respectively. According to the Hungarian archeological researches, the religion of the Hungarians before Christianity (until the end of the X. century) was Tengrism.〔Fodor István, (A magyarok ősi vallásáról (About the old religion of the Hungarians) ) Vallástudományi Tanulmányok. 6/2004, Budapest, p. 17–19〕 ==Background== In Tengriism, the meaning of life is seen as living in harmony with the surrounding world. Tengriist believers view their existence as sustained by the eternal blue Sky, Tengri, the fertile Mother-Earth, spirit Eje, and a ruler who is regarded as the holy spirit of the Sky. Heaven, Earth, the spirits of nature and the ancestors provide every need and protect all humans. By living an upright and respectful life, a human being will keep his world in balance and maximize his personal power Wind Horse. It is said that the Huns of the Northern Caucasus believed in two gods. One is called ''Tangri han'' (that is ''Tengri Khan''), who is thought to be identical to the Persian Aspandiat and for whom horses were sacrificed. The other is called ''Kuar'', whose victims are struck down by lightning.〔 Tengriism is actively practised in Sakha, Buryatia, Tuva and Mongolia in parallel with Tibetan Buddhism and Burkhanism.〔Balkanlar'dan Uluğ Türkistan'a Türk halk inançları Cilt 1, Yaşar Kalafat, Berikan, 2007〕 In Turkey, nazar are extensively used by almost everyone in their houses, in/on vehicles, baby clothes and even on buildings. Dropping lead onto a person's head (''Kurşun dökme'') is popular especially in eastern provinces. People observe traditions like hanging rags on trees; dropping water on someone's moving car wishing them to return very soon (like saying, "go like water, come like water"); knocking on wood three times with your right hand when an unwanted situation occurs, to prevent bad spirits from hearing about it; the importance of the number 40; wearing a red ribbon-headwrap (''lohusa tacı'') right after a woman gives birth; doing special ceremonies for beloved persons on the seventh (yedisi), fortieth (kırkı) and fifty-second (elli-ikisi) days after their death are some examples linked to Tengrism. An idiom in Turkish which is used when one feels ashamed of something — "Yerin yedi kat altına girdim" which means "I have gone into the seventh floor of the ground" — is linked to Tengrism. An idiom in Bulgarian has a positive meaning and is used when one feels euphoric and very glad: "на седмото небе съм" which means "I am in the seventh sky". For 40 days after birth, the newborn baby and his/her mother are required to stay in the home. On the fortieth day, a special ceremony is done that is called ''Kırklama'' or ''Kırk çıkarma''. On that day, the baby is taken in a special bath called ''Kırk banyosu'' (bath of 40). Forty stones which were collected from 40 places are dropped into the water with a gold coin to give the baby a nice fortune. This water is taken 40 times and then dropped again onto the water while cleaning the baby's head. After the bath, special clothes are put on the baby for a special visit to the house of the grandparents called ''Kırk uçurma evi''. This first visit is believed to be very important. Grandparents give the baby a specially-prepared basket of gifts called ''Kırk uçurma sepeti''. Drinking Turkish coffee with your friend is believed to be worth 40 years of friendship. (The expression 'Bir fincan kahvenin kırk yıl hatırı vardır' means 'Drinking one cup of Turkish coffee together with your friend will not be forgotten for 40 years.') There is a convectional rainfall type in Turkey called Kırkikindi (Kırk+ikindi, where ikindi means mid-afternoon) which is believed to fall 40 days. In Turkey, among children, Moon is called ''Ay Dede'' (Moon The Grandfather) who is considered to be the moon-god living in the sixth floor of the sky. At nights, tales are being told about him to children by their parents for them to go to sleep. The nursery rhyme ''ay dede ay dede, senin evin nerede?'' (Grandfather Moon, Grandfather Moon, where is your home?) is popular among children. The word ''Kyrgyz'' means ''We are forty'' in the Kyrgyz language. Regarding the importance of the number, Kyrgyzstan's flag has a symbol of 40 uniformly spaced rays. A legendary hero called Manas is believed to have 40 regional clans. Tengrist Khazars aided Heraclius by sending 40,000 soldiers during a joint Byzantine-Göktürk operation against Persians. A number of Kyrgyz politicians are actively pushing Tengrism, to fill the ideological void. Dastan Sarygulov, secretary of state and formerly chair of the Kyrgyz state gold mining company, has established (Army of Tengri) which is a civic group that seeks to promote the values and traditions of the Tengrism. There is a Tengrist society in Bishkek, which officially claims almost 500,000 followers and an international scientific center of Tengrist studies. Both institutions are run by Dastan Sarygulov, the main theorist of Tengrism in Kyrgyzstan and a member of the Parliament. Publications committed to the subject of Tengrism are more and more frequently published in scientific journals of human sciences in Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan. The partisans of this movement endeavor to influence the political circles and have succeeded in spreading their concepts into the governing bodies. Kazakhstan’s President Nursultan Nazarbayev and even more frequently former Kyrgyz president Askar Akayev have mentioned that Tengrism is the national and “natural” religion of the Turkic peoples. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Tengrism」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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