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Tense–aspect–mood, commonly abbreviated and also called tense–modality–aspect or , is the grammatical system of a language that covers the expression of tense (location in time), aspect (fabric of time – a single block of time, continuous flow of time, or repetitive occurrence), and mood or modality (degree of necessity, obligation, probability, ability).〔Bybee, Joan L., Revere Perkins, and William Pagliuca (1994) ''The Evolution of Grammar: Tense, Aspect, and Modality in the Languages of the World''. University of Chicago Press.〕 In some cases, evidentiality (whether evidence exists for the statement, and if so what kind) may also be included. The term is convenient because it is often difficult to untangle these features of a language. Often any two of tense, aspect, and mood (or all three) may be conveyed by a single grammatical construction, but this system may not be complete in that not all possible combinations may have an available construction. In other cases there may not be clearly delineated categories of tense and mood, or aspect and mood. For instance, many Indo-European languages do not clearly distinguish tense from aspect.〔Dahl, Östen, ''Tense and Aspect Systems'', Blackwell, 1985.〕〔Hopper, Paul J., ed. (1982) ''Tense–Aspect: Between Semantics and Pragmatics'', Benjamins.〕〔Tedeschi, Philip, and Anne Zaenen, eds. (1981) ''Tense and Aspect (Syntax and Semantics 14)'', Academic Press.〕〔Comrie, Bernard, ''Tense'', Cambridge Univ. Press, 1985.〕〔Comrie, Bernard, ''Aspect'', Cambridge Univ. Press, 1976.〕〔Palmer, F. R., ''Mood and Modality'', 1986.〕〔de Saussure, Louis (Editor), Jacques Moeschler (Editor), Genoveva Puskas (Editor), ''Tense, Mood and Aspect: Theoretical and Descriptive Issues'', Rodopi, 2007.〕〔Bhat, D. N. S., ''The Prominence of Tense, Aspect and Mood (Studies in Language Companion Series)'', John Benjamins Publishing Co., 1999.〕〔Wiklund, Anna-Lena, ''The Syntax of Tenselessness: Tense/Mood/Aspect-agreeing Infinitivals (Studies in Generative Grammar 92)'', Mouton de Gruyter, 2007.〕 In some languages, such as Spanish and Modern Greek, the imperfective aspect is fused with the past tense in a form traditionally called the imperfect. Other languages with distinct past imperfectives include Latin and Persian. In the traditional grammatical description of some languages, including English, many Romance languages, and Greek and Latin, "tense" or the equivalent term in that language refers to a set of inflected or periphrastic verb forms that express a combination of tense, aspect, and mood. In Spanish, the simple conditional ((スペイン語:condicional simple)) is classified as one of the simple tenses ((スペイン語:tiempos simples)), but is named for the mood (conditional) that it expresses. In Ancient Greek, the perfect tense () is a set of forms that express both present tense and perfect aspect (finite forms), or simply perfect aspect (non-finite forms). Not all languages conflate tense, aspect, and mood, however; close to a theoretically ideal distinction, with separate grammatical markers for tense, aspect, and mood, is made in some analytic languages such as creole languages. ==Creoles== Creoles, both Atlantic and non-Atlantic, tend to share a large number of syntactic features, including the avoidance of bound morphemes. Tense, aspect, and mood are usually indicated with separate invariant pre-verbal auxiliaries. Typically the unmarked verb is used for either the timeless habitual or the stative aspect or the past perfective tense–aspect combination. In general creoles tend to put less emphasis on marking tense than on marking aspect. Typically aspectually unmarked stative verbs can be marked with the anterior tense, and non-statives, with or without the anterior marker, can optionally be marked for the progressive, habitual, or completive aspect or for the irrealis mood. In some creoles the anterior can be used to mark the counterfactual. When any of tense, aspect, and modality are specified, they are typically indicated separately with the invariant pre-verbal markers in the sequence anterior relative tense (prior to the time focused on), irrealis mode (conditional or future), non-punctual aspect.〔Holm, John (2000) ''An Introduction to Pidgins and Creoles'', Cambridge Univ. Press.〕〔Velupillai, Viveka, ''Hawai'i Creole English: A Typological Analysis of the Tense–Mood–Aspect System'', Palgrave Macmillan, 2003.〕〔Singler, John Victor, ''Pidgin and Creole Tense–Mood–Aspect Systems (Creole Language Library)'', John Benjamins Publishing Co., 1990.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Tense–aspect–mood」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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