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Tenure
In the United States and Canada, tenure is a contractual right of a teacher or professor not to have his or her position terminated without just cause. It is awarded after a probationary period.
==Academic tenure (colleges and universities)==
Under the tenure systems adopted by many universities and colleges in the United States and Canada, some faculty positions have tenure and some do not. Typical systems (such as the widely-adopted "1940 Statement of Principles on Academic Freedom and Tenure" of the American Association of University Professors〔http://aaup.org/report/1940-statement-principles-academic-freedom-and-tenure; this statement has been adopted by more than 200 scholarly and academic groups (http://aaup.org/endorsers-1940-statement). The American Association of University Professors also publishes "Recommended Institutional Regulations on Academic Freedom and Tenure" (Recommended Institutional Regulations on Academic Freedom and Tenure ).〕) allow only a limited period to establish a record of published research, ability to attract grant funding, academic visibility, teaching excellence, and administrative or community service. They limit the number of years that any employee can remain employed as a non-tenured instructor or professor, compelling the institution to grant tenure to or terminate an individual, with significant advance notice, at the end of a specified time period. Some institutions require promotion to Associate Professor as a condition of tenure. An institution may also offer other academic positions that are not time-limited, with titles such as Lecturer, Adjunct Professor, or Research Professor, but these positions do not carry the possibility of tenure and are said to be not "tenure track." Typically, they have higher teaching loads, lower compensation, little influence within the institution, few if any benefits, and little protection of academic freedom.
Academic tenure's original purpose was to guarantee the right to academic freedom: it protects teachers and researchers when they dissent from prevailing opinion, openly disagree with authorities of any sort, or spend time on unfashionable topics. Thus academic tenure is similar to the lifetime tenure that protects some judges from external pressure. Without job security, the scholarly community as a whole may experience pressure to favor noncontroversial lines of academic inquiry. The intent of tenure is to allow original ideas to be more likely to arise, by giving scholars the intellectual autonomy to investigate the problems and solutions as they see fit and to report their honest conclusions.〔Reis, Richard. (1997) Tomorrow's Professor: Preparing for Academic Careers in Science and Engineering. IEEE Press.〕 However, it has also become a type of job security for professors.
In North American universities and colleges, the tenure track has long been a defining feature of professorial employment, although it is less than universal.〔("White Paper #1 - Tenure" ) Illinois State University’s AAUP.〕〔("Transient professors: How important is tenure?" ) Evelyn Shih (2003) The Yale Herald.〕 In North American universities, positions that carry tenure, or the opportunity to attain tenure, have grown more slowly than non-tenure-track positions, leading to a large "academic underclass".〔("Tenure in the new millennium: Still a valuable concept" ) James T. Richardson (1999) National Forum (see section on "Split labour theory in academe").〕 For example, most US universities currently supplement the work of tenured professors with the services of non-tenured adjunct professors, academics who teach classes for lower wages and fewer employment benefits under relatively short-term contracts. For those that are tenure track, it generally takes about seven years to earn tenure while working as an assistant professor. Tenure is determined by a combination of research, teaching, and service, with each factor weighted according to the values of a particular university, college or department. There is some evidence that professors that share more (e.g. via open access publications, open data, or open source hardware development) gain an advantage in obtaining tenure because they are cited more and can thus develop a higher h-index.〔Joshua M. Pearce, “Open Source Hardware in Academia” in Alicia Gibb (Ed.) Building Open Source Hardware: DIY Manufacturing for Hackers and Makers, Addison-Wesley: New York, pp. 253-277 (2015).〕 This competition for limited resources could lead to ethically questionable behavior.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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