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Terrace (geology)
In geology, a terrace is a step-like landform. A terrace consists of a flat or gently sloping geomorphic surface, called a tread, that is typically bounded one side by a steeper ascending slope, which is called a "riser" or "scarp." The tread and the steeper descending slope (riser or scarp) together constitute the terrace. Terraces can also consist of a tread bounded on all sides by a descending riser or scarp. A narrow terrace is often called a bench.〔Howard, A.D., R.W. Fairbridge, J.H. Quinn, 1968, ''Terraces, fluvial—Introduction.'' in R.W. Fairbridge, ed., The Encyclopedia of Geomorphology: Encyclopedia of Earth Science Series, vol. 3. Reinhold. Book Corporation. New York, New York..〕〔Jackson, J.A., 1997, ''Glossary of Geology''. American Geological Institute. Alexandria, Virginia.〕
The sediments underlying the tread and riser of a terrace are also commonly, but incorrectly, called terraces, leading to confusion.
Terraces are formed in various ways.
==Fluvial terraces==
(詳細はfloodplain of a stream of river. They are formed by the downcutting of a river or stream channel into and the abandonment and lateral erosion of its former floodplain. The downcutting, abandonment, and lateral erosion of a former floodplain can be the result of either changes in sea level, local or regional tectonic uplift; changes in local or regional climate; changes the amount of sediment being carried by the river or stream; change in discharge of the river; or a complex mixture of these and other factors. The most common sources of the variations in rivers and streams that create fluvial terraces are vegetative, geomorphic, and hydrologic responses to climate. More recently, the direct modification of rivers and streams and their watersheds by cultural processes have result in the development of terraces along many rivers and streams.〔〔Blum, M., and T.E. Tonqvist, 2000, ''Fluvial responses to climate and sea-level change, a review and look forward.'' Sedimentology. v. 47 suppl. 1, pp. 2-48.〕
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