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A common definition of terrorism is the systematic use or threatened use of violence to intimidate a population or government for political, religious, or ideological goals. Terrorism in India, according to the Home Ministry, poses a significant threat to the people of India. Terrorism found in India includes ethno-nationalist terrorism, religious terrorism, left wing terrorism and narco terrorism.〔〔〔 The regions with long term :terrorist activities have been Jammu and Kashmir, east-central and south-central India (Naxalism) and the Seven Sister States. In August 2008, National Security Advisor M K Narayanan has said that there are as many as 800 terrorist cells operating in the country. As of 2013, 205 of the country’s 608 districts were affected by terrorist activity.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=India Assessment 2014 )〕 Terror attacks caused 231 civilian deaths in 2012 in India, compared to 11,098 terror-caused deaths worldwide, according to the State Department of the United States; or about 2% of global terror fatalities while it accounts for 17.5% of global population.〔 Media reports have alleged and implicated terrorism in India to be sponsored by Pakistan, particularly through its Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI).〔(A resolution in the House of Representatives, United States ) U.S. Government Printing Office〕〔(US terrorist links Pakistani ISI to Mumbai attacks ) Committee on Homeland Security, United States (2011)〕 In 2012, the US accused Pakistan of enabling and ignoring anti-India terrorist cells working on its soil; however, Pakistan has denied its involvement.〔K. Alan Kronstadt, (Pakistan-U.S. Relations ) Congressional Research Service (USA), 24 May 2012, pp. 22-24, 39-41〕 ==Definition== The 8th report on terrorism in India published in 2008 defined terrorism as the peacetime equivalent of war crime.〔 An act of terror in India includes any intentional act of violence that causes death, injury or property damage, induces fear, and is targeted against any group of people identified by their political, philosophical, ideological, racial, ethnic, religious or any other nature. This description is similar to one provided by the United Nations' in 2000.〔(General Assembly 55th Session ) United Nations (2001)〕 The Indian government uses the following working definition of terrorism, same as one widely used by Western nations as well as the United Nations, proposed by Schmid and Jongman in 1988.〔(COMBATTING TERRORISM PROTECTING BY RIGHTEOUSNESS ) Administrative Reforms Commission, Government of India (June 2008)〕 India subdivides terrorism in four major groups:〔〔(Acts and Ordinances ) South Asian Terrorism, SATP (2013)〕 #Ethno-nationalist terrorism - This form of terror focuses either (a) on creating a separate State within India or independent of India or in a neighboring country, or (b) on emphasizing the views/response of one ethnic group against another. Violent Tamil Nationalist groups from India to address the condition of Tamils in Sri Lanka, as well as insurgent tribal groups in North East India are examples of ethno-nationalist terrorist activities.〔Hoffman B. (2006), Inside terrorism, Columbia University Press, ISBN 978-0231126984〕 #Religious terrorism - This form of terror focuses on religious imperatives, a presumed duty or in solidarity for a specific religious group, against one or more religious groups. Mumbai 26/11 terror attack in 2008 from an Islamic group in Pakistan is an example of religious terrorism in India.〔(Helping India fight terrorism ) Ministry of External Affairs, Govt of India (2012)〕 #Left wing terrorism - This form of terror focuses on economic ideology, where all the existing socio-political structures are seen to be economically exploitative in character and a revolutionary change through violent means is essential.〔〔Enders & Sandler (2011), The political economy of terrorism, 2nd Edition, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9781107004566〕 The ideology of Marx, Engel, Mao, Lenin and others are considered as the only valid economic path. Maoist violence in Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh are examples of left wing terrorism in India.〔(Left Wing Extremist (LWE) Data ) SATP (2010)〕 #Narco terrorism - This form of terror focuses on creating illegal narcotics traffic zones.〔Mishra, R. (2014), Understanding Terrorism in Relation to People’s Demand, ASIAN JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY STUDIES, 2(3)〕 Drug violence in northwest India is an example of narco-terrorism in India.〔Sharma (2013), Growing overlap between terrorism and organized crime in India: A case study, Security Journal, 26(1), 60-79〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Terrorism in India」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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