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''Tetraplasandra'' is an obsolete genus of flowering plants in the ivy family, Araliaceae. They are small to medium trees, (rarely shrubs or large trees) of mesic to wet forests.〔Porter P. Lowry II. 1990. "Araliaceae", pages 224-237. In: Warren L. Wagner, Derral R. Herbst, and Sy H. Sohmer. ''Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii'', Revised Edition, 1999. Bishop Museum Press: Hololulu〕 Some authors have recognized as many as 19 species in ''Tetraplasandra'',〔Earl Edward Sherff. 1955. "Revision of the Hawaiian members of the genus ''Tetraplasandra'' A. Gray". ''Fieldiana: Botany'' 29(2):49-142.〕 while others have recognized as few as six.〔 In 2007, the authors of a scientific paper recommended that the genus be divided into nine species.〔Annemarie Costello and Timothy J. Motley. 2007. "Phylogenetics of the Tetraplasandra Group (Araliaceae) Inferred from ITS, 5S-NTS, and Morphology". ''Systematic Botany'' 32(2):464-477.〕 In 2010, all of these nine species were included in ''Polyscias'' subgenus Tetraplasandra, a subgenus of 21 species in the large genus ''Polyscias'', which will comprise about 250 species, when about 90 undescribed species are published.〔Porter P. Lowry II and Gregory M. Plunkett. 2010. "Recircumscription of ''Polyscias'' (Araliaceae) to include six related genera, with a new infrageneric classification and a synopsis of species". ''Plant Diversity and Evolution'' (formerly ''Botanische Jahrbucher'') 128(1-2):55-84. . (See ''External links'' below).〕 The range of variation in ''Tetraplasandra'' is unusually large for a genus in Araliaceae 〔David G. Frodin and Rafaël Govaerts. 2003. ''World Checklist and Bibliography of Araliaceae''. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. ISBN 978-1-84246-048-1. (See ''External links'' below).〕 Most of the species were originally described in other genera which were later merged with ''Tetraplasandra''. The type species for the genus is ''T. hawaiensis''.〔''Tetraplasandra'' In: Index Nominum Genericorum. In: Regnum Vegetabile (see ''External links'' below).〕 As defined by :es:William R. Philipson in 1970, ''Tetraplasandra'' is endemic to Hawaii〔William R. Philipson. 1970. "A redefinition of ''Gastonia'' and related genera (Araliaceae)". ''Blumea'' 18(2):497-505.〕 and occurs on six of the eight main islands. Niihau and Kahoolawe are low-lying and dry; consequently, they do not support ''Tetraplasandra''. ''T. oahuensis'', ''T. kavaiensis'', and ''T. hawaiensis'' are found on six, five, and four of the islands, respectively. The other species are single-island endemics.〔 ''T. oahuensis'' and ''T.kavaiensis'' have done well in cultivation in Southern California. They are sensitive to heat, but very tolerant of shade, and they need some wind protection.〔Kerin E. Lilleeng-Rosenberger. 2005. ''Growing Hawaii's Native Plants''. Mutual Publishing. ISBN 978-1-56647-716-1〕 In horticulture, ''T. kavaiensis'' has often been misidentified as ''T. meiandra''. True ''T. meiandra'' is now treated as a synonym of ''T. oahuensis''.〔Anthony Huxley, Mark Griffiths, and Margot Levy (1992). ''The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening''. The Macmillan Press,Limited: London. The Stockton Press: New York. ISBN 978-0-333-47494-5 (set).〕 ''T. gymnocarpa'', a rare tree of Oahu, is considered an oddity, since it is the only species in Araliaceae whose flowers have a completely superior ovary.〔David J. Mabberley. 2008. ''Mabberley's Plant-Book'' third edition (2008). Cambridge University Press: UK. ISBN 978-0-521-82071-4. (See ''External links'' below).〕 The genus ''Tetraplasandra'' has long been known as a close relative of the obsolete genera ''Gastonia'', ''Reynoldsia'', and ''Munroidendron''. This was confirmed by a pollen study in 1971.〔Charles C. Tseng. 1971. "Light and Scanning Electron Microscopic Studies on Pollen of ''Tetraplasandra'' (Araliaceae) and Relatives". ''American Journal of Botany'' 58(6):505-516.〕 In 2010, ''Arthrophyllum'', ''Cuphocarpus'', ''Gastonia'', ''Reynoldsia'', ''Munroidendron'', and ''Tetraplasandra'' were all sunk into ''Polyscias'', raising the number of species in that genus from about 100 to 159.〔 Four Hawaiian names are applied to groups of ''Tetraplasandra'' species. ''T. hawaiensis'' is known as ohe. ''T. kavaiensis'' and ''T. gymnocarpa'' are called oheohe. ''T. waimeae'' is called ohe kikoola. ''T. oahuensis'' and ''T. lydgatei'' are called ohe mauka. The related name, ohe makai, is applied to ''Polyscias sandwicensis'', formerly known as ''Reynoldsia sandwicensis''.〔 These names closely correspond to clades currently recognized within ''Tetraplasandra''.〔 == Species in ''Polyscias'' subgenus Tetraplasandra == Most of the information in the species list is from Lowry and Plunkett (2010).〔 Synonyms are names of species accepted by Sherff (1955)〔 or by Frodin and Govaerts (2003),〔 except for ''Tetraplasandra lydgatei'' and ''Tetraplasandra bisattenuata'', which were resurrected after 2003. For complete synonymy and distribution within the Hawaiian Islands, see Lowry (1990).〔 * ''Polyscias belensis'' – New Guinea * ''Polyscias bisattenuata'' (= ''Tetraplasandra bisattenuata'') – Kauai * ''Polyscias borneensis'' – Borneo, Philippines * ''Polyscias florosa'' – Philippines * ''Polyscias flynnii'' (Lowry & K.R.Wood) Lowry & G. M. Plunkett (= ''Tetraplasandra flynnii'') – Kauai * ''Polyscias gymnocarpa'' (Hillebrand) Lowry & G. M. Plunkett (= ''Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa'') – (Oahu) * ''Polyscias hawaiensis'' (Asa Gray) Lowry & G. M. Plunkett (= ''Tetraplasandra hawaiensis'') – Molokai, Lānai, Maui, island of Hawaii * ''Polyscias kavaiensis'' (H.Mann) Lowry & G. M. Plunkett (= ''T. micrantha'', ''T. turbans'') – Kauai, Oahu, Lānai, Maui, island of Hawaii * ''Polyscias lanutoensis'' (= ''Reynoldsia lanutoensis'', ''Reynoldsia grayana'', ''Reynoldsia tauensis'') – Samoa * ''Polyscias lydgatei'' (= ''Tetraplasandra lydgatei'') – Oahu * ''Polyscias marchionensis'' (= ''Reynoldsia marchionensis'') – Marquesas * ''Polyscias oahuensis'' (A.Gray) Lowry & G. M. Plunkett (= ''T. kaalae'', ''T. kahanana'', ''T. kohalae'', ''T. lanaiensis'', ''T. meiandra'', ''T. munroi'', ''T. oahuensis'', ''T. pupukeensis'', ''T. waianensis'') – Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lānai, Maui, island of Hawaii * ''Polyscias philipsonii'' – New Guinea * ''Polyscias pleiosperma'' (= ''Reynoldsia pleiosperma'') – Samoa * ''Polyscias racemosa'' (= ''Munroidendron racemosum'') – Kauai * ''Polyscias sandwicensis'' (= ''Reynoldsia sandwicensis'') – Oahu, Molokai, Lānai, Maui, island of Hawaii * ''Polyscias serratifolia'' (= ''Gastonia serratifolia'') – Malesia to Solomon Islands * ''Polyscias spectabilis'' (= ''Gastonia spectabilis'') – New Guinea to Solomon Islands * ''Polyscias verrucosa'' (= ''Reynoldsia verrucosa'', ''Reynoldsia tahitiensis'') – Tahiti * ''Polyscias waialealae'' (Rock) Lowry & G. M. Plunkett (= ''Tetraplasandra waialealae'', ''T. lihuensis'') – Kauai * ''Polyscias waimeae'' (Wawra) Lowry & G. M. Plunkett (= ''Tetraplasandra waimeae'') – Kauai 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Tetraplasandra」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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