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Toutatis
Toutatis or Teutates was a Celtic god worshipped in ancient Gaul and Britain. On the basis of his name's etymology, he has been widely interpreted to be a tribal protector.〔Paul-Marie Duval. 1993. ''Les dieux de la Gaule.'' Éditions Payot, Paris. ISBN 2-228-88621-1〕 Today, he is best known under the name Toutatis (pronounced in Gaulish〔Pierre-Yves Lambert (2003). ''La langue gauloise.'' Éditions Errance, Paris.〕) through the Gaulish oath/catchphrase "By Toutatis!", invented for the ''Asterix'' comics by Goscinny and Uderzo. The spelling Toutatis, however, is authentic and attested by about ten ancient inscriptions.〔(Listing for Toutatis ) from www.arbre-celtique.com.〕 Under the spelling Teutates, the god is also known from a passage in Lucan.
The name "Teutates" is derived from the stem ''teutā-'', meaning "people" or "tribe", cognate with the Germanic ''
*þeudō''.〔(Proto-Celtic—English lexicon ) and (English—Proto-Celtic lexicon ). University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh and Celtic Studies. (See also (this page ) for background and disclaimers.) Cf. also the (University of Leiden database ). Proto-Celtic ''eu'' generally shifted to ''ou'' before the 2nd century BCE. Pierre-Henri Billy. 1993. ''Thesaurus linguae Gallicae''. Olms-Weidmann. ISBN 3-487-09746-X.〕
==Literary evidence==
Teutates was one of three Celtic gods mentioned by the Roman poet Lucan in the 1st century AD,〔Marcus Annaeus Lucanus. c.61-65 CE. ''Bellum civile'', Book I, ll.498-501. (Online translation )〕 the other two being Esus ("lord") and Taranis ("thunderer"). According to later commentators, victims sacrificed to Teutates were killed by being plunged headfirst into a vat filled with an unspecified liquid. Present-day scholars frequently speak of "the ''toutates''" as plural, referring respectively to the patrons of the several tribes.〔 Of two later commentators on Lucan's text, one identifies Teutates with Mercury, the other with Mars.
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