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''Th''-fronting refers to the pronunciation of the English "th" as "f" or "v". When th-fronting is applied, becomes (for example, ''three'' is pronounced as ''free'') and becomes (for example, ''bathe'' is pronounced as ''bave''). Unlike the fronting of to , the fronting of to doesn't occur in any dialect word-initially (for example, while ''bathe'' can be pronounced as ''bave'', ''that'' is never pronounced as *''vat''). Th-fronting is a prominent feature of several dialects of English, notably Cockney, Estuary English, some West Country dialects, Newfoundland English, African American Vernacular English, and Liberian English, as well as in many foreign accents (though the details differ among those accents). ==Uses== A 2003 study found that th-fronting was most prevalent in and around the cities of London and Bristol.〔''An Introduction to Regional Englishes: Dialect Variation in England''. Joan C. Beal. Edinburgh University Press. p. 81〕 The first reference to "th"-fronting in London speech occurs in 1787.〔''The Oxford Handbook of the History of English'', edited by Terttu Nevalainen, Elizabeth Closs Traugot. Oxford University Press. 〕 By 1850 it appears to have been considered a standard feature of working class speech in the city, and had the same status in Bristol by 1880.〔''Of Varying Language and Opposing Creed': New Insights Into Late Modern English'', edited by Javier Pérez-Guerra. Verlag Peter Lang. p. 38.〕 The use of the labiodental fricatives and for the dental fricatives and was noted in Yorkshire in 1876. In his 1892 book ''A Grammar of the Dialect of Windhill'', Joseph Wright noted that the prevalence of th-fronting varied across the county. In 1988, it was noted as spreading amongst non-standard accents in England. Although th-fronting is found occasionally in the middle and upper (middle) class English accents as well, there is still a marked social difference between working and middle class speakers. Th-fronting is regarded as a 'boundary marker' between Cockney and Estuary English, as depicted in the first descriptions of the latter form of English〔(Rosewarne, David (1984). "Estuary English". ''Times Educational Supplement'', 19 (October 1984) )〕〔(Wells, John (1994). ''Transcribing Estuary English - a discussion document''. Speech Hearing and Language: UCL Work in Progress, volume 8, 1994, pages 259-267 )〕 and confirmed by a phonetic study conducted by researcher Ulrike Altendorf. Nevertheless, Altendorf points out that th-fronting is found occasionally in middle class (Estuary) speech as well and concludes that "it is currently making its way into the middle class English accent and thus into Estuary English".〔(Altendorf, Ulrike (1999). ''Estuary English: is English going Cockney?'' In: Moderna Språk, XCIII, 1, 1-11 )〕 In popular music, the singer Joe Brown's 1960s backing band was christened ''The Bruvvers'' (that is, "the brothers" with th-fronting). The 1960 musical ''Fings Ain't Wot They Used T'Be'' was stated to be a Cockney Comedy. Up until the late 20th century th-fronting was common in speakers of Australian English from North Brisbane and the Sunshine Coast of Queensland. This may stem from the relatively high number of London cockneys who settled there during the Queensland gold rushes of the 19th century. The practice is gradually dying out as the influx of interstate and international immigrants increases. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Th-fronting」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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