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''The Brothers Karamazov'' ((ロシア語:Бра́тья Карама́зовы), ''Brat'ya Karamazovy'', ), also translated as ''The Karamazov Brothers'', is the final novel by the Russian author Fyodor Dostoyevsky. Dostoyevsky spent nearly two years writing ''The Brothers Karamazov'', which was published as a serial in ''The Russian Messenger'' and completed in November 1880. The author died less than four months after its publication. ''The Brothers Karamazov'' is a passionate philosophical novel set in 19th century Russia, that enters deeply into the ethical debates of God, free will, and morality. It is a spiritual drama of moral struggles concerning faith, doubt, and reason, set against a modernizing Russia, with a plot which revolves around the subject of patricide. Dostoyevsky composed much of the novel in Staraya Russa, which inspired the main setting. Since its publication, it has been acclaimed as one of the supreme achievements in world literature. ==Context and background== Although Dostoyevsky began his first notes for ''The Brothers Karamazov'' in April 1878, he had written several unfinished works years earlier. He would incorporate some elements into his future work, particularly from the planned epos ''The Life of a Great Sinner'', which he began work on in the summer of 1869. It eventually remained unfinished after Dostoyevsky was interested in the Nechaev affair, which involved a group of radicals murdering one of their former members. He picked up that story and started with ''The Possessed''.〔Lantz, pp. 240–2〕 The unfinished ''Drama in Tobolsk'' (Драма. В Тобольске) is considered the first draft of the first chapter of ''The Brothers Karamazov''. Dated 13 September 1874, it tells about a fictional murder in Staraya Russa committed by a ''praporshchik'' named Dmitry Ilynskov (based on a real soldier from Omsk), who is thought to have murdered his father. It goes on noting that his body was suddenly discovered in a pit under a house.〔''Complete Works'', vol. 17, p. 427〕 The similarly unfinished ''Sorokoviny'' (Сороковины), dated 1 August 1875, is reflected in book IX, chapter 3–5 and book XI, chapter nine.〔''Complete Works'', vol. 17, p. 430〕 In the October 1877 ''A Writer's Diary'' article "To the Reader", Dostoyevsky mentioned a "literary work that has imperceptibly and involuntarily been taken shape within me over these two years of publishing the ''Diary''". His ''Diary'', a collection of numerous articles, had included similar themes ''The Brothers Karamazov'' would later borrow from. These include patricide, law and order and social problems.〔Lantz, pp. 40–1〕 Though Dostoyevsky was influenced by religion and philosophy in his life and the writing of ''The Brothers Karamazov'', a personal tragedy altered the work. In May 1878, Dostoyevsky's three-year-old son Alyosha died of epilepsy,〔Frank (2003), pp. 383–4〕 a condition inherited from his father. The novelist's grief is apparent throughout the book; Dostoyevsky named the hero Alyosha, as well as imbuing him with qualities which he sought and most admired. His loss is also reflected in the story of Captain Snegiryov and his young son Ilyusha. The death of his son brought Dostoevsky to the Optina Monastery later that year. There, he found inspiration for several aspects of ''The Brothers Karamazov'', though at the time he intended to write a novel about childhood instead. Parts of the biographical section of Zosima's life are based on "The Life of the Elder Leonid", a text he found at Optina and copied "almost word for word".〔Figes, Orlando (2002). ''Natasha's Dance, A Cultural History of Russia''. New York: Picador. Page 325〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「The Brothers Karamazov」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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