|
*Irish Defence Forces *Gardaí |combatant2 = paramilitaries *Provisional IRA *Official IRA *INLA * *CIRA (1994–) *RIRA (1997–) |combatant3 = paramilitaries *UVF *UDA *RHC *UR (1986–) *LVF (1996–) |casualties1 = British Army: 705〔(Malcolm Sutton's Index of Deaths from the Conflict in Ireland: Status of person killed ). Conflict Archive on the Internet UDR: 200 (CAIN)〕 RUC: 301〔 NIPS: 24〔 TA: 7〔 Other UK police: 6〔 Royal Air Force: 4〔 Royal Navy: 2〔 UDR, including ex-UDR: 236〔 (total: 1,285) ---- Irish Army: 1 Gardaí: 9 IPS: 1〔 (total: 11) |casualties2 = PIRA: 291〔 INLA: 39〔 OIRA: 27〔 IPLO: 9〔 RIRA: 2〔 (total: 368) |casualties3 = UDA: 91〔 UVF: 62〔 RHC: 4〔 LVF: 3〔 UR: 2〔(Organizations: U ) (look under "Ulster Resistance"). Conflict Archive on the Internet (CAIN)〕 (total: 162) |notes = Total dead: 3,530〔 Total injured: 47,500+〔(Security and defence-related statistics ). Conflict Archive on the Internet (CAIN)〕 All casualties: 50,000+〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=History – The Troubles – Violence )〕 The Troubles ((アイルランド語:Na Trioblóidí)) is the common name for the ethno-nationalist conflict in Northern Ireland that spilled over at various times into parts of the Republic of Ireland, England and mainland Europe. The conflict began in the late 1960s and is deemed by many to have ended with the Belfast "Good Friday" Agreement of 1998,〔〔Arthur Aughey. ''The Politics of Northern Ireland: Beyond the Belfast Agreement'', p. 7; ISBN 978-0-41532-788-6.〕〔Gordon Gillespie. ''Historical Dictionary of the Northern Ireland Conflict'' p. 250; ISBN 978-0810855830〕〔Marianne Elliot. ''The Long Road to Peace in Northern Ireland: Peace Lectures from the Institute of Irish Studies at Liverpool University.'' University of Liverpool Institute of Irish Studies, Liverpool University Press, 2007, pp. 2, 188; ISBN 1-84631-065-2.〕〔Michael Goodspeed. ''When reason fails: Portraits of armies at war: America, Britain, Israel, and the future.'' Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002, pp. 44, 61; ISBN 0-275-97378-6〕 although there has been sporadic violence since then.〔〔〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Draft List of Deaths Related to the Conflict (2003–present) )〕 Internationally, it is also commonly called the Northern Ireland conflict〔(A Glossary of Terms Related to the Conflict ). Conflict Archive on the Internet (CAIN). Quote: "The term 'the Troubles' is a euphemism used by people in Ireland for the present conflict. The term has been used before to describe other periods of Irish history. On the CAIN web site the terms 'Northern Ireland conflict' and 'the Troubles', are used interchangeably."〕〔Joanne McEvoy. ''The Politics of Northern Ireland''. Edinburgh University Press, 2008. p. 1. Quote: "the Northern Ireland conflict, known locally as 'the Troubles', endured for three decades and claimed the lives of more than 3,500 people".〕〔David McKittrick & David McVea. ''Making Sense of the Troubles: A History of the Northern Ireland Conflict''. Penguin, 2001.〕〔Gordon Gillespie. ''The A to Z of the Northern Ireland Conflict''. Scarecrow Press, 2009. 〕〔Aaron Edwards & Cillian McGrattan. ''The Northern Ireland Conflict: A Beginner's Guide''. Oneworld Publications, 2012.〕 and has been described as a war.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-29369805 )〕 The conflict was primarily political with strong ethnic and sectarian dimensions,〔Michael L. Storey. ''Representing the Troubles in Irish Short Fiction'', 2004, p. 149〕 although it was never about religious belief.〔 A key issue was the constitutional status of Northern Ireland. Unionists/loyalists, who are mostly Protestants and consider themselves British, generally want Northern Ireland to remain within the United Kingdom. Nationalists/republicans, who are mostly Roman Catholics and view themselves as Irish, generally want it to leave the United Kingdom and join a united Ireland. Another key issue was the relationship between these two communities. The conflict began amid a campaign to end discrimination against the Catholic/nationalist minority by the Protestant/unionist-dominated government and police force.〔Richard English. ''The State: Historical and Political Dimensions'', Charles Townshend, 1998, Routledge, p. 96; ISBN 0-41515-477-4.〕〔Dominic Bryan. ''Orange Parades: The Politics of Ritual, Tradition and Control'', Pluto Press (2000), p. 94; ISBN 0-74531-413-9.〕 The main participants in the Troubles were Irish republican paramilitaries (PIRA, OIRA, and INLA) and the Ulster loyalist paramilitaries (UVF and UDA), the British state security forces (the British Army and the RUC, Northern Ireland's police force), and political activists and politicians. The Republic of Ireland's security forces played a smaller role. More than 3,500 people were killed in the conflict. ==Overview== "The Troubles" refers to the most recent installment of violence over three decades (1969–1997) between Irish nationalists (mainly self-identified as Irish and/or Roman Catholic) and unionists (mainly self-identified as British and/or Protestant). The term "the Troubles" was previously used to refer to the Irish revolutionary period; it was adopted to refer to the escalating violence in Northern Ireland after 1969. The conflict was the result of discrimination against the Irish nationalist/Catholic minority by the unionist/Protestant majority〔Peter Rose. ''How the Troubles Came to Northern Ireland'', p. 94 (2001)〕 and the question of Northern Ireland's status within the United Kingdom.〔Anisseh Van Engeland & Rachael M. Rudolph. ''From Terrorism to Politics'' (2008), page 59〕〔Ryan Hackney and Amy Blackwell Hackney. ''The Everything Irish History & Heritage Book''. 2004, p. 200〕 The violence was characterised by the armed campaigns of Irish republican and Ulster loyalist paramilitary groups and British state security forces—the British Army and the Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC). It thus became the focus for the longest major campaign in the history of the British Army. The British government's position is that its forces were neutral in the conflict, trying to uphold law and order in Northern Ireland and the right of the people of Northern Ireland to democratic self-determination. Irish nationalists regard the state forces as forces of occupation and/or partisan combatants in the conflict. The "Ballast" investigation by the Police Ombudsman confirmed that British forces did on several occasions collude with loyalist paramilitaries, were involved in murder, and furthermore obstructed the course of justice when claims of collusion and murder were investigated.〔(The Ballast report ): "the Police Ombudsman has concluded that this was collusion by certain police officers with identified UVF informants".〕 The Troubles were brought to an uneasy end by a peace process that included the declaration of ceasefires by most paramilitary organisations, the complete decommissioning of the IRA's weapons, the reform of the police, and the corresponding withdrawal of the British Army from the streets and sensitive Irish border areas such as South Armagh and Fermanagh, as agreed by the signatories to the Belfast Agreement (commonly known as the "Good Friday Agreement"). One part of the Agreement is that Northern Ireland would remain within the United Kingdom unless a majority of the Northern Irish electorate vote otherwise.〔(Parliamentary debate ): "The British government agree that it is for the people of the island of Ireland alone, by agreement between the two parts respectively, to exercise their right of self-determination on the basis of consent, freely and concurrently given, North and South, to bring about a united Ireland, if that is their wish."〕 It also established the Northern Ireland Executive, a devolved power-sharing government, which must consist of both unionist and nationalist parties. Although the number of active participants was relatively small, the Troubles touched the lives of many in Northern Ireland on a daily basis, sometimes spreading quite lethally into England, the Republic of Ireland, and, occasionally, parts of mainland Europe.〔Laurel Holliday. ''Children of the Troubles''. 1998, pp. 341–42.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「The Troubles」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|