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Theodulf of Orléans ( 750(/60) – 18 December 821) was a writer, poet and the Bishop of Orléans (c. 798 to 818) during the reign of Charlemagne and Louis the Pious. He was a key member of the Carolingian Renaissance and an important figure during the many reforms of the church under Charlemagne, as well as almost certainly the author of the ''Libri Carolini'', "much the fullest statement of the Western attitude to representational art that has been left to us by the Middle Ages".〔Dodwell, C.R.; ''The Pictorial arts of the West, 800–1200'', p. 32, 1993, Yale UP, ISBN 0-300-06493-4〕 He is mainly remembered for this and the survival of the private oratory or chapel made for his villa at Germigny-des-Prés, with a mosaic probably from about 806.〔Dodwell,49〕 ==Life== Theodulf was born in Spain, probably Saragossa, between 750 and 760, and was of Visigothic descent. He fled Spain because of the Moorish occupation of the region and traveled to the South-Western province of Gaul called Aquitaine, where he received an education.〔Freeman & Meyvaert 2001, p. 125.〕 He went on to join the monastery near Maguelonne in Southern Gaul led by the abbot Benedict of Aniane. During his trip to Rome in 786, Theodulf was inspired by the centres of learning there, and sent letters to a large number of abbots and bishops of the Frankish empire, encouraging them to establish public schools.〔Baunard 1860, p. 54.〕 Charlemagne recognized Theodulf's importance within his court and simultaneously named him Bishop of Orléans (c. 798) and abbot of many monasteries, most notably the Benedictine abbey of Fleury-sur-Loire.〔Freeman & Meyvaert 2001, p. 126.〕 He then went on to establish public schools outside the monastic areas which he oversaw, following through on this idea that had impressed him so much during his trip to Rome. Theodulf quickly became one of Charlemagne's favoured theologians alongside Alcuin of Northumbria and was deeply involved in many facets of Charlemagne’s desire to reform the church. He was involved in editing numerous translated texts that Charlemagne believed to be inaccurate and translating sacred texts directly from the classical Greek and Hebrew languages.〔Baunard 1860, p. 77.〕 Charlemagne died in 814 and was succeeded by his son Louis the Pious.〔Baunard 1860, p. 296.〕 Louis' nephew, King Bernard of Italy, sought independence from the Frankish empire and raised his army against the latter. Bernard was talked into surrendering, but was punished by Louis severely, sentencing him to have his sight removed. The procedure of blinding Bernard went wrong and he died as a result of the operation.〔Baunard 1860, p. 300.〕 Louis believed that numerous people in his court were conspiring against him with Bernard, and Theodulf was one of many who were accused of treason. He was forced to abandon his position of Bishop of Orléans in 817 and was exiled to a monastery in Angers in 818 where he spent the next two years of his life.〔Baunard 1860, p. 301.〕 After he was released in 820, he tried to reclaim his bishopric in Orléans but was never able to reach the city because it is believed that he died during the trip or some time after that. Theodulf of Orléans died on January 18, 821 and his body was brought back to Angers where it was buried.〔Baunard 1860, p. 322.〕 According to some sources Theodulf may have been married at the beginning of his career and had a daughter named Gisla.〔Smith - Wace, p. 985.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Theodulf of Orléans」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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