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The counts of Tusculum were the most powerful secular noblemen in Latium, near Rome, in the present-day Italy between the 10th and 12th centuries. Several popes and an antipope during the 11th century came from their ranks. They created and perfected the political formula of noble-papacy, wherein the Pope was arranged to be elected only from the ranks of the Roman nobles. Pornocracy, the period of influence by powerful female members of the family also influenced papal history. The counts of Tusculum remained arbiters of Roman politics and religion for more than a century. In addition to the papal influence, they held lay power through consulships and senatorial membership. Traditionally they were pro-Byzantine and anti-German in their political affiliation. After 1049, the Tusculan Papacy came to an end with the appointment of Pope Leo IX. In fact, the Tusculan papacy was largely responsible for the reaction known as the Gregorian reform. Subsequent events (from 1062 onwards) confirmed a shift in regional politics as the counts came to side with the Holy Roman Emperors against the Rome of the reformers. In 1059 the papal-decree of Pope Nicholas II established new rules for the Papal election, therefore putting an end to the noble-papacy formula. ==Counts and their titles== ''This list is partially incomplete in the tenth century and the chronology and dates of the various countships are often uncertain. They were only counts from about 1013, lords before.'' *before 924 Theophylact I *until 924 Alberic I, ''consul'' son-in-law *924 – 954 Alberic II, son *before 1013 Gregory I, son (''Excellentissimus vir – Praefectus navalis)'' *until 1012 Theophylact II, son of Gregory I *1012 – 1024 Romanus, (''Consul et dux, senator'') brother of Theophylact II and son of Gregory I *1024 – 1032 Alberic III, (''Imperialis palatii magister Consul et dux – Comes sacri palatii Lateranensis'') brother of Theophylact II and Romanus; *1032 – 1045 Theophylact III son of Alberic III *1044 – 1058 Gregory II, (''Consul, nobilis vir, senator Comes Tusculanensis''), son of Alberic III *1058 – ca 1108 Gregory III, (''Comes Tusculanensis Consul, illustris'') son of Gregory II *ca 1108 – 1126 Ptolemy I (Tolomeo I), (''Consul, comes Tusculanus'') son Gregory III; *1126 – 1153 Ptolemy II (Tolomeo II), (''Illustrissimus, dominus Consul et dux'') son of Ptolemy I; *1153 – ca 1167 Jonathan, (''Comes de Tusculano'') co-ruler with Raino son of Ptolemy II; *1153 – 1179 Raino, (''Nobilis vir, dominus'') brother of Jonathan, co-ruler with Jonathan. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Counts of Tusculum」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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