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Thimphu (;〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Thimphu | Definition of Thimphu by Merriam-Webster )〕 〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Romanization System for Dzongkha )〕 (:tʰimpʰu)), formerly spelled Thimbu,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Thimbu - definition of Thimbu by The Free Dictionary )〕〔http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/21/world/asia/21iht-bhutan.1.11312503.html?pagewanted=all〕 is the capital and largest city of Bhutan.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Thimphu )〕 It is situated in the western central part of Bhutan and the surrounding valley is one of Bhutan's ''dzongkhags'', the Thimphu District. The city became the capital of Bhutan in 1961. As of 2005 it had a population of 79,185,〔 with 98,676 people living in the entire Thimphu district. The city is spread out laterally in a north-south direction on the west bank of the valley formed by the Raidāk River, which is known as the Wang Chuu or Thimphu Chuu in Bhutan. Thimphu is spread over an altitudinal range between and .〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Thimpu Dzongkhag )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Bhutan )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Introduction: Understanding Natural Systems )〕〔Brown, p. 97〕〔Palin, p. 245〕 Unusually for a capital city, Thimphu is not served by an airport, but relies on the Paro Airport connected by road some away. Thimphu, as the political and economic center of Bhutan, has a dominant agricultural and livestock base, which contributes to 45% of the country's GNP.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Economy )〕 Tourism, though a contributor to the economy, is strictly regulated, maintaining a balance between the traditional, development and modernization. Thimphu contains most of the important political buildings in Bhutan, including the National Assembly of the newly formed parliamentary democracy and Dechencholing Palace, the official residence of the King, located to the north of the city. As a metropolis and capital city, Thimphu is coordinated by the "Thimphu Structure Plan", an Urban Development Plan which evolved in 1998 with the objective of protecting the fragile ecology of the valley. This development is ongoing with financial assistance from the World Bank and Asian Development Bank. The culture of Bhutan is fully reflected in Thimphu in respect of literature, religion, customs, and national dress code, the monastic practices of the monasteries, music, dance, literature and in the media. Tshechu is an important festival when mask dances, popularly known as Cham dances, are performed in the courtyards of the Tashichho Dzong in Thimphu. It is a four-day festival held every year during Autumn (September/October), on dates corresponding to the Bhutanese calendar. ==History== Before 1960, Thimphu consisted of a group of hamlets scattered across the valley including Motithang, Changangkha, Changlimithang, Langchupakha, and Taba, some of which constitute districts of the city today (see below for district details).〔Pommaret, p. 163〕 In 1885, a battle was held at what is now the Changlimithang sports ground in Thimphu. The decisive victory opened the way for Ugyen Wangchuck, the first King of Bhutan to virtually control the whole country.〔Pommaret, p. 173〕 Since this time the sports ground has been of major importance to the city; football, cricket matches and archery competitions take place there. The modern Changlimithang Stadium was built on the site in 1974. Under the Wangchu Dynasty, the country enjoyed peace and progress under successive reformist monarchs. The third king, Jigme Dorji Wangchuck, reformed the old pseudo-feudal systems by abolishing serfdom, redistributing land, and reforming taxation. He also introduced many executive, legislative, and judiciary reforms. Reforms continued and in 1952 the decision was made to shift the capital from the ancient capital of Punakha to Thimphu.〔 The fourth king, Jigme Singye Wangchuck, opened the country for development and India provided the needed impetus in this process with financial and other forms of assistance. In 1961, Thimphu officially became the capital of Bhutan. Bhutan joined the Colombo Plan in 1962, the Universal Postal Union in 1969 and became a member of the United Nations in 1971. The presence of diplomatic missions and international funding organizations in Thimphu resulted in rapid expansion of Thimphu as a metropolis.〔Brown, pp. 39–42〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Government )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Bhutan: Political-system )〕 The fourth king, who had established the National Assembly in 1953, devolved all executive powers to a council of ministers elected by the people in 1998. He introduced a system of voting no confidence in the king, which empowered the parliament to remove the monarch. The National Constitution Committee in Thimphu started drafting the Constitution of the Kingdom of Bhutan in 2001. In 2005, the fourth king of Bhutan announced his decision to hand over the reins of his kingdom to his son Prince Jigme Khesar Namgyal Wangchuk. The coronation of the king was held in Thimphu at the refurbished Changlimithang Stadium and coincided with the centenary of the establishment of the House of Wangchuck.〔〔〔 In 2008, this paved way for the transition from absolute monarchic rule to a parliamentary democratic constitutional monarchy, with Thimphu as the headquarters of the new government, with the national defined objective of achieving "Gross National Happiness" (GNH) concomitant with the growth of Gross National Product (GNP).〔〔〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Thimphu」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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