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Thin-slicing is a term used in psychology and philosophy to describe the ability to find patterns in events based only on "thin slices," or narrow windows, of experience.〔(Gladwell, Malcolm ) (2007). ''(Blink )''. Back Bay Books, Little, Brown and Company, first published 2005, p. 23.〕 The term means making very quick inferences about the state, characteristics or details of an individual or situation with minimal amounts of information. Brief judgments based on thin-slicing are similar to those judgments based on much more information. Still, judgments based on thin-slicing can be as accurate, or even more accurate than judgments based on much more information. The first recorded use of the term was in 1992 by Nalini Ambady and Robert Rosenthal in a meta-analysis in the ''Psychological Bulletin''. Since then, thin-slicing has been applied to many domains, and has been used to make various types of judgments. An non-exhaustive list of domains includes interpersonal relationship, clinical studies, education, etc. ==Overview== Thin-slicing refers to observing a small selection of an interaction, usually less than 5 minutes, and being able to accurately draw to conclusions in the emotions and attitudes of the people interacting. Thin slices of the behavioral stream contain important diagnostic and predictive social psychological information. Because thin-slice perception and judgment is sufficiently effective, people's interpersonal perceptions can occur immediately, automatically, and to some extent validly before much can be communicated verbally or through actions and events. Given the limited conditions under which social inference and correction occur, these initial judgments may determine people's ultimate perceptions, evaluations, and theories about those with whom they interact face to face. Many studies have shown that brief observations can be used to assess outcomes, at levels higher than expected by chance. Once comparing these observations of less than five minutes to greater than five minutes, the data showed no significant change, thus implying that observations made within the first few minutes were unchanging. An example of this can be seen in an Ambady and Rosenthal experiment in 1993, in which they were assessing the effect of thin slicing with 2, 5, and 10-second clips of non-verbal behaviors of teachers and the viewers' ratings of those teachers afterwards. Impressions formed after viewing thin slices of behavior are considered accurate if they match impressions formed after a more detailed observation of the subject and if they match the impressions formed by other raters. While people are often not able to report the factors that influence their judgments, researchers could identify types of information in brief slices of behavior that is responsible for accurate judgments. Types of information include visual and verbal information. More specifically, researchers look at how people make judgments based on their observations of others' minor traits such as eye contact, fidgeting, open-handed gestures, stiff posture, smiling, etc. Behaviors such as frowning, fidgeting and gazing down had poor ratings for traits describing the teacher's confidence, warmth and optimism while teachers with positive ratings for these traits smiled more, were more likely to walk around and touch their upper torsos.〔 Ambady and Rosenthal ultimately found that those who rated the teachers after being subjected to thin slicing produced ratings that were very similar to those who rated the teachers even after having substantial interactions with them. Additionally, the accuracy of these ratings were not significantly different between those who saw the 2, 5 and 10-second clips. This demonstrates the impressive amount of information that is conveyed in thin slices of everyday behavior and the insight that it can provide of an individual's personality, no matter how briefly the behavior is observed. While physical attractiveness may seem like an obvious bias that may lead raters to favor one teacher over another, Ambady and Rosenthal demonstrated that it actually did not have a strong effect on the rating outcome. One reason may be due to differences in the "type" of thin slice that is being made available to the raters. For example, when simply given a photo of an individual, a rater tends to judge personality traits simply based on attractiveness. However, when expressive behavior is available such as through the video clips used in the experiment, physical attractiveness becomes less important and less utilized when forming an impression of someone.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Thin-slicing」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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