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Third gender or third sex is the concept that individuals are categorized, either by themselves or by society, as neither man nor woman. It also describes a social category present in those societies that recognize three or more genders. The term ''third'' is usually understood to mean "other"; some anthropologists and sociologists have described fourth,〔Roscoe, Will (2000). ''Changing Ones: Third and Fourth Genders in Native North America''. Palgrave Macmillan (June 17, 2000) ISBN 0-312-22479-6 See also: Trumbach, Randolph (1994). ''London’s Sapphists: From Three Sexes to Four Genders in the Making of Modern Culture.'' In Third Sex, Third Gender: Beyond Sexual Dimorphism in Culture and History, edited by Gilbert Herdt, 111-36. New York: Zone (MIT). ISBN 978-0-942299-82-3〕 fifth,〔Graham, Sharyn (2001), (Sulawesi's fifth gender ), Inside Indonesia, April–June 2001.〕 and "some"〔Martin, M. Kay and Voorhies, Barbara (1975). ''Supernumerary Sexes,'' chapter 4 of Female of the Species (New York: Columbia University Press, 1975), 23.〕 genders. The concepts of "third", "fourth" and "some" genders can be somewhat difficult to understand within Western conceptual categories.〔McGee, R. Jon and Richard L. Warms 2011 Anthropological Theory: An Introductory History. New York, McGraw Hill.〕 Although biology determines whether a human's chromosomal and anatomical sex is male, female, or less often and in various ways, intersex, the state of personally identifying as, or being identified by society as, belonging to neither the male nor female genders is defined by the individual's gender identity and gender role in society. While some western scholars have sought to understand the term ''third gender'' in terms of sexual orientation, several other scholars, especially the native non-western scholars, consider this as a misrepresentation of third genders.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Asia and the Pacific - ANU )〕〔(ANCESTORS OF TWO-SPIRITS: REPRESENTATIONS OF NATIVE AMERICAN THIRD-GENDER MALES )〕 To different cultures or individuals, a third gender may represent an intermediate state between man and woman, a state of being both (such as "the spirit of a man in the body of a woman"), the state of being neither (neuter), the ability to cross or swap genders, or another category altogether independent of men and women. This last definition is favored by those who argue for a strict interpretation of the "third gender" concept. In any case, all of these characterizations are defining gender and not the sex that biology gives to living beings. The term ''third gender'' has been used to describe hijras of India, Bangladesh and Pakistan〔 〕 who have gained legal identity, fa'afafine of Polynesia, and sworn virgins of the Balkans,〔Young, Antonia (2000). ''Women Who Become Men: Albanian Sworn Virgins.'' ISBN 1-85973-335-2〕 among others, and is also used by many of such groups and individuals to describe themselves. ==Biology and intersex== In animals that are gonochoristic, a number of individuals within a population will not differentiate sexually into bodies that are typically male or female; this is called intersex. The incidence varies from population to population, and also varies depending on how femaleness and maleness are understood. Biologist and gender theorist Anne Fausto-Sterling, in a 1993 article, argued that if people ought to be classified in sexes, at least five sexes, rather than two, would be needed.〔 (Article online ).〕 She later stated that her comments were written "with tongue firmly in cheek". Evolutionary biologist Joan Roughgarden argues that, in addition to male and female sexes (as defined by the production of small or large gametes), more than two ''genders'' exist in hundreds of animal species.〔Roughgarden, Joan (2004). ''Evolution's Rainbow: Diversity, Gender, and Sexuality in Nature and People''. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-24073-1 Especially chapter 6, ''Multiple Gender Families'', pp. 75–105.〕 Species with one female and two male genders include red deer who have two male morphs, one with antlers and one without, known as ''hummels'' or ''notts'', as well as several species of fish such as plainfin midshipman fish and coho salmon.〔p.76–78〕 Species with one female and three male genders include bluegills, where four distinct size and color classes exhibit different social and reproductive behaviours, as well as the spotted European wrasse (''Symphodus ocellatus''), a cichlid (''Oreochromis mossambicus'') and a kind of tree lizard, ''Urosaurus ornatus''.〔p.78–88〕 Species with two male and two female genders include the white-throated sparrow, in which male and female morphs are either white-striped or tan-striped. White-striped individuals are more aggressive and defend territory, while tan-striped individuals provide more parental care. Ninety percent of breeding pairs are between a tan striped and a white striped sparrow.〔p.89–90〕 Finally, the highest number of distinct male and female morphs or "genders" within a species is found in the side-blotched lizard, which has five altogether: orange-throated males, who are "ultra-dominant, high testosterone" controllers of multiple females; blue-throated males, who are less aggressive and guard only one female; yellow-throated males, who do not defend territories at all but cluster around the territories of orange males; orange-throated females, who lay many small eggs and are very territorial; and yellow-throated females, who lay fewer, larger eggs and are more tolerant of each other.〔p.90–93〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Third gender」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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