|
Johan Rudolph Thorbecke (14 January 1798 – 4 June 1872) was a Dutch politician and statesman of Liberal signature, one of the most important Dutch politicians of the 19th century. In 1848 he virtually single-handedly drafted the revision of the Constitution of the Netherlands, giving less power to the king, and more to the States General of the Netherlands. ==Early life and education== Thorbecke was born in Zwolle. His father Frederik Willem was a Lutheran tobacco manufacturer of German descent, while his mother Christine Regina was born in the Lower Saxon Osnabrück. Frederik Willem's business suffered badly from the anti-British policies of the French occupiers, and his tobacco factory went bankrupt in 1803, after which he was unable to find another source of employment and would spend most of his time on the education on Johan Rudolph and his younger brother. Johan Rudolph proved to be diligent and exemplary at a young age, showing intelligence and curiosity. Because of the sacrifices of his parents, who continued to struggle with financial problems, he was able to enjoy decent education. He enjoyed primary education in his birthplace and in Amsterdam, where he lived until 1806, and attended a Latin school back in Zwolle until 1814. Thorbecke began studying classical literature and philosophy in Amsterdam, studies he finished in Leiden defending a thesis on Asinius Pollio in 1820.〔See his PhD thesis links in External Links section below which has MDCCCXX on front matter.〕 Shortly after his promotion, Thorbecke was granted a state scholarship for a journey through Germany. He would spend four years travelling, during which he was introduced to historism and Romanticism, and developed emotionally and spiritually.〔 Upon his return to the Netherlands, he lived in Amsterdam for a year before becoming professor of Political Science at the Ghent University in 1825, a position he was forced to resign from due to the Belgian Revolution in 1830. The following year, Thorbecke became professor of Diplomacy and Modern History at the Leiden University,〔 where his students would describe him as a distant, analytical mind, living a secluded life in his study.〔〔 Originally a loyal supporter of the conservative government of William I, Thorbecke developed a more critical view of the government and indeed the autocratic system of government throughout the 1830s. His increasingly strong support for constitutional reform is shown in a series of essays he published from 1839 onward, starting with ''Aanteekening op de grondwet'', literally "Annotation on the constitution". The climax of this series was ''Over het hedendaags burgerschap'', literally "On contemporary citizenship", published in 1844, in which he argued that universal suffrage would eventually be unavoidable.〔〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Johan Rudolph Thorbecke」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|