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Thrasymachus (; (ギリシア語:Θρασύμαχος) ''Thrasýmachos''; c. 459 – c. 400 BC) was a sophist of Ancient Greece best known as a character in Plato's ''Republic''. ==Life, date, and career== Thrasymachus was a citizen of Chalcedon, on the Bosphorus. His career appears to have been spent as a sophist at Athens, although the exact nature of his work and thought is unclear. He is credited with an increase in the rhythmic character of Greek oratory, especially the use of the paeonic rhythm in prose, and a greater appeal to the emotions through gesture. Aristophanes makes what is the most precisely dateable of references to Thrasymachus, in a passing joke from a lost play dated to 427 BCE.〔Father: Well, you'll get your come-uppance in time, my lad! Son: Ha! That 'get your come-uppance' is from the rhetoricians. Father: Where will all these fine phrases of yours land you in the end? Son: 'Land you in the end' - you got that from Alcibiades! Father: Why do you keep making insinuations (''hypotekmairei'') and slandering people who are just trying to practise decency? Son: Oho, ho! O Thrasymachus! Which of the law-men came up with that piece of Jargon? Hypotekmairei is a hapax legomenon, and occurs nowhere else in surviving literature. Dillon and Gergel assume that the word had some technical definition, possibly given to it by Thrasymachus〕 Nils Rauhut of the ''Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy'' concludes from this passage that Thrasymachus must have been teaching in Athens for several years before this point. A fragment from Clement of Alexandria provides some further context by placing Thrasymachus contrary to the Macedonian Archelaus. "And while Euripides says in the ''Telephus'', 'Shall we who are Greeks be slaves to barbarians?', Thrasymachus says in his speech ''For the People of Larisa'', 'Shall we become slaves to Archelaus, Greeks as we are, to a barbarian?'"〔Clement of Alexandria, ''Stromateis'' VI 1. In 〕 Rauhut therefore declares it evident that Thrasymachus became most prominent in the last three decades of the 5th century.〔 Dillon and Gergel posit the alternate possibility that the speech was composed by the 2nd-century CE Herodes Atticus, of whom we have extracts similar in spirit to Clement's fragment, and sound authentically 5th-century, exhibiting detailed knowledge of Thessalian politics. There is a man by the same name mentioned in Aristotle's ''Politics'' who overthrew the democracy at Cyme, but nothing is known of this event, nor can it be said with any degree of certainty that they are the same man.〔Aristotle, (''Politics'' V, 1304b-1305a. )〕 Aristotle mentions a Thrasymachus again in his ''Sophistical Refutations'', where he credits him with a pivotal role in the development of rhetorical theory. Quoting the W. A. Pickard-Cambridge text: "For it may be that in everything, as the saying is 'the first start is the main part'... This is in fact what has happened in regard to rhetorical speeches and to practically all the other arts: for those who discovered the beginnings of them advanced them in all only a little way, whereas the celebrities of to-day are the heirs (so to speak) of a long succession of men who have advanced them bit by bit, and so have developed them to their present form, Tisias coming next after the first founders, then Thrasymachus after Tisias, and Theodorus next to him, while several people have made their several contributions to it: and therefore it is not to be wondered at that the art has attained considerable dimensions."〔Aristotle, ''Sophistical Refutations'' 183b22-34. In 〕 Dillon and Gergel are cautious not to read this as stating that this makes Thrasymachus a student of Tisias, just as it does not make Theodorus a student of Thrasymachus. Writing more specifically in the ''Rhetoric'', Aristotle attributes to Thrasymachus a witty simile. "A simile works best when it is in effect a metaphor, for it is possible to say that a shield is ''like'' the drinking-cup of Ares, or that a ruin is ''like'' the tattered rag of a house, and to say that Niceratus is ''like'' a Philoctetes bitten by Pratys - the simile made by Thrasymachus when he saw Niceratus, who had been beaten by Pratys in a recitation competition, still going around with his hair uncut and unkempt."〔Aristotle, ''Rhetoric'' III 11, 1413a5-10 = A5, extended. In 〕 A further reference to Thrasymachus in the ''Rhetoric'' finds Herodicus punning on Thrasymachus' name. "Herodicus said of Thrasymachus, 'You are always bold in battle (''thrasymakhos'')!'"〔Aristotle, ''Rhetoric'' II 23, 1400b17-23 = A6, extended. In 〕 Dillon and Gergel suggest that this might explain Plato's choice of Thrasymachus as the "combative and bombastic propounder of the 'might is right' theory" for his ''Republic''. Against this theory, however, scholar Angie Hobbs suggests that Thrasymachus' intention may be "simply to expose current hypocrisies, rather than to applaud their manipulation".〔http://0-www.rep.routledge.com.library.ucc.ie/article/A116?ssid=746991594&n=1#〕 Plato mentions Thrasymachus as a successful rhetorician in his ''Phaedrus'', but attributes nothing significant to him.〔Plato, (''Phaedrus'' 266c. )〕 The Byzantine Suda gives a brief description of Thrasymachus affirming his position as a rhetorical theorist. "A Chalcedonian sophist, from the Chalcedon in Bithynia. He was the first to discover period and colon, and he introduced the modern kind of rhetoric. He was a pupil of the philosopher Plato and of the rhetor Isocrates. He wrote deliberative speeches; an Art of Rhetoric; paegnia; Rhetorical Resources."〔''Suda'', s.v. Thrasymakhos. (Θ, 462 ). Tr. Ada Adler, 1928-1938〕 Dillon and Gergel state that the second sentence is a "preposterous statement, both as concerns Plato and Isocrates." They further declare that emending 'pupil' ''(mathêtês)'' for 'teacher' ''(kathêgêtês)'' is equally foolish. They themselves suggest a lacuna in the text, wherein Thrasymachus is declared the pupil of another, and a rival of Plato and Isocrates. Dionysius of Halicarnassus praises Thrasymachus for various rhetorical skills in his ''On Isaeus'', finding Thrasymachus "pure, subtle, and inventive and able, according as he wishes, to speak either with terseness or with an abundance of words." But Dionysus found Thrasymachus a second-rate orator beside the "incisive" and "charming" Lysias, because he left no forensic speeches to posterity, only handbooks and display-speeches.〔Dionysus of Halicarnassus, ''On Isaeus'' 20. In 〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Thrasymachus」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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