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Three Confederate States of Gojoseon
The three Gojoseon kingdoms are states noted in history texts such as ''Joseon Sangosa''〔Joseon Sangosa. Sin Chaeho. (1931) ISBN 8947210331〕 (1924–25), and have been researched by several historians,〔김정배, 고조선 연구의 사적 고찰 (Historical Survey on Research of Kochosun), ''단군학연구'', 7, 185–206 (2002)〕〔이정복, 논점 한국사 사료집성 (The Collection of Korean History Controversy), 국학자료원, ISBN 8982064729〕〔신채호, 조선민족의 전성시대 (The Prosperity Age of Joseon People), ''삼천리'', 7(1), 59–67 (1935)〕〔강경구, 고대의 삼조선과 낙랑 (Three Gojoseon and Nangnang Nation), 기린원 (1991)〕 although not completely accepted by all scholars.〔The theory is even mentioned in most canonical history texts, including Lee Ki-baek's ''A New History of Korea'' and the Korean National Commission's ''Korean History: Discovery of its characteristics and developments'' (Seoul:Hollym, 2004).〕
In popular Korean history, drawing on the Korean founding myth, Gojoseon (고조선, 2333 BCE – 239 BCE) was an early state of Korea that was established around Liaoning, southern Manchuria, and the northern Korean peninsula. It was anciently known simply as ''Joseon'', but is now referred to as ''Gojoseon'', i.e. "Ancient Joseon" to distinguish it from the much later (14th century) Kingdom of Joseon.
According to some sources, Gojoseon was a kingdom formed by the union of three confederacies, or ''Samhan'': Majoseon (마조선), Jinjoseon (진조선) and Beonjoseon (번조선). These three confederacies were also known as Mahan, Byeonhan, and Jinhan. In conventional Korean history, these three confederacies appeared following Gojoseon's break-up, in the central and southern Korean Peninsula, until they were fully absorbed into the Three Kingdoms of Korea around the 4th century CE. Therefore, these later Samhan must be distinguished from the "former Samhan", or ''Samjoseon''.
==Government structure==
Based on ''Joseon Sangosa'', written in 1924–25 by Sin Chaeho, Gojoseon had an organizational system of three states and 5 ministries. The three states consisted of Jinjoseon, Majoseon and Beonjoseon. Jinjoseon was ruled by the Supreme Dangun. Beonjoseon and Majoseon were ruled by two Vice-Danguns. The Five Ministries, or ''Ohga'', included ''Dotga'' (pig), ''Gaeda'' (dog), ''Soga'' (cow), ''Malga'' (horse) and ''Shinga'' according to their areas of east, west, south, north and center. This ministry system using the name of animals was also used by Buyeo, a successor state of Gojoseon. In wartime, five military troops consisting of a central army, an advanced army, a left army and a right army were organized, according to military commands, by the general of the central army. It is said that the traditional Korean game of ''Yut'' is patterned after these five military structures. Generally, the succession system of the Supreme Dangun and the Vice-Dangun was determined by heredity, and sometimes the ruler could be succeeded by one of the ''Ohga'', suggesting that the sovereign's power was not absolute.
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