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Tin-glazing is the process of giving ceramic items a tin-based glaze which is white, glossy and opaque, normally applied to red or buff earthenware. The opacity and whiteness of tin glaze encourage its frequent decoration with colour. Tin oxide is valued in glazes as both an opacifier and as a white colorant.〔’The Glazer’s Book’ – 2nd edition. ''A.B.Searle.The Technical Press Limited.'' London. 1935.〕 Tin oxide has long been used to produce a white, opaque and glossy glaze.〔’Ceramic Glazes’ Third edition. C.W.Parmelee & C.G.Harman. ''Cahners Books'', Boston, Massachusetts. 1973.〕〔‘Ceramics Glaze Technology.’ J.R.Taylor & A.C.Bull. ''The Institute Of Ceramics & Pergamon Press''. Oxford. 1986.〕 As well as an opacifying agent, tin oxide also finds use as a colour stabiliser in some pigments and glazes.〔‘Ceramics Glaze Technology.’ J.R.Taylor & A.C.Bull. The Institute Of Ceramics & Pergamon Press. Oxford. 1986.〕 Minor quantities are also used in the conducting phases in some electrical porcelain glazes.〔〔'Conducting Glazes Part 2 : The Use of Valency Controlled Semiconducting Oxides and the Development of Tin Oxide Glazes'. D.B.Binns. ''British Ceramic Research Association'' RP652. 1973.〕 ==History== The earliest tin-glazed pottery appears to have been made in Abbasid, Iraq (750-1258 AD)/Mesopotamia in the 9th century, the oldest fragments having been excavated during the First World War from the palace of Samarra about fifty miles north of Baghdad.〔Caiger-Smith, Alan, ''Tin-Glaze Pottery in Europe and the Islamic World: The Tradition of 1000 Years in Maiolica, Faience and Delftware'', London, Faber and Faber, 1973 ISBN 0-571-09349-3〕 From Mesopotamia, tin glazes spread to the Islamic Egypt (868–905 AD) during the 10th century, and then to the Islamic Spain (711-1492 AD), leading to the maximum development of Islamic lusterware.〔Manson, R. B., and M. S. Tite, "The beginnings of tin-opacification of pottery glazes", ''Journal of Archaeological Science'' 39:41-58, 1997〕〔Borgia, I., B. Brunettu, A. Sgamellontti, F. Shokouhi, P. Oliaiy, J. Rahighi, M. Lamehi-rachti, M. Mellini, and C. Viti. 2004〕 The history of tin glazes in the Islamic world is disputed. One possible reason for the earlier production of tin-glazed wares could be attributed to the trade between the Abbasid Empire and ancient China from the 8th to 9th century onwards, resulting in imitation of white Chinese stoneware by local Islamic potters.〔Kleimann, B. 1986〕 Another might be local glaze-making rather than foreign influence, supported by the similarility between the chemical and microstructural features of pre-Islamic white opaque glazes and that on the first tin-opacified wares〔 From the Middle East, tin-glaze spread through the Islamic world to Spain. In the 13th century, tin glazes reached Italy, where the earliest recorded reference to their use is in the 1330s,〔’Ceramic Glazes’ C.W.Parmelee. ''Industrial Publications, Inc''. Chicago. 1948.〕 resulting in the emergence of Italian Maiolica. Amongst others, Luca della Robbia, born in Florence circa 1400, used tin oxide as an opacifier in glazes.〔’Pottery And Ceramics.’ E.Rosenthal. Pelican Books. Harmondsworth. 1949.〕 Potters began to draw polychrome paintings on the white opaque surface with metallic oxides such as cobalt oxide and to produce lustreware. The off-white fired body of Delftware and English majolica was made to appear white, and hence mimic the appearance of Chinese porcelain, by the application of a glaze opacified and coloured white by the addition of tin oxide.〔’Pottery And Ceramics.’ E.Rosenthal. ''Pelican Books''. Harmondsworth. 1949.〕〔’Pottery’ C.J.Noke & H.J.Plant. Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons, Ltd. London. 1924.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Tin-glazing」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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