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Tityridae
Tityridae is family of suboscine passerine birds found in forest and woodland in the Neotropics. The approximately 30 species in this family were formerly spread over the families Tyrannidae, Pipridae and Cotingidae (''see Taxonomy''). As yet, no widely accepted common name exists for the family, although tityras and allies and tityras, mourners and allies have been used. They are small to medium-sized birds. Under current classification, the family ranges in size from the buff-throated purpletuft, at and , to the masked tityra, at up to and .〔http://www.arkive.org/buff-throated-purpletuft/iodopleura-pipra/〕〔http://books.google.com/books?id=40mFwoALUFUC&pg=PA648&lpg=PA648&dq=masked+tityra+cm&source=bl&ots=1QWw-97zQ0&sig=DOY8lyPDa8N0soy41DWzG53PUiM&hl=en&ei=uGyCTdb9FoKztwed4q22BA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CBwQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=masked%20tityra%20cm&f=false〕 Most have relatively short tails and large heads.
==Taxonomy and systematics==
Traditionally, the genus ''Laniocera'' was included in the family Tyrannidae, the genera ''Iodopleura'', ''Laniisoma'', ''Tityra'', ''Pachyramphus'' and ''Xenopsaris'' were included in the family Cotingidae, and ''Schiffornis'' was included in the family Pipridae. Three of these genera, ''Tityra'', ''Pachyramphus'' and ''Xenopsaris'', were later moved to Tyrannidae based on the morphology of their skull and syrinx.〔Ames, P. L. 1971. ''The morphology of the syrinx in passerine birds.'' Peabody Museum of Natural History Bulletin, v. 37.〕
The existence of the family Tityridae (although simply treated as a clade) was first proposed in 1989 based on the morphology of several syringeal and skeletal features.〔Prum, R. O., & W. E. Lanyon. 1989. ''Monophyly and phylogeny of the Schiffornis group (Tyrannoidea).'' Condor 91: 444-461.〕 The existence of this family has later been confirmed by multiple studies involving both mtDNA and nDNA.〔〔〔Chesser, R. T. 2004. ''Molecular systematics of New World suboscine birds.'' Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 32: 11-24.〕〔Johansson, U. S., M. Irestedt, T. J. Parsons, & P. G. P. Ericson. 2002. ''Basal phylogeny of the Tyrannoidea based on comparisons of cytochrome b and exons of nuclear c-myc and RAG-1 genes.'' Auk 119: 984-995.〕〔Prum, R. O., N. H. Rice, J. A. Mobley, and W. W. Dimmick. 2000. ''A preliminary phylogenetic hypothesis for the cotingas (Cotingidae) based on mitochondrial DNA.'' Auk 117: 236-241.〕 Evidence suggests there are two basal clades within this family, the first including the genera ''Schiffornis'', ''Laniocera'', and ''Laniisoma'' (with strong bootstrap support), and the second include ''Iodopleura'', ''Tityra'', ''Xenopsaris'', and ''Pachyramphus'' (with poor bootstrap support).〔Barber, B., & N. Rice. 2007. ''Systematics and evolution in the Tityrinae (Passeriformes: Tyrannoidea).'' Auk 124(4): 1317-1329.〕
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