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Tofieldiaceae
Tofieldiaceae is a family of flowering plants in the monocot order Alismatales.〔Vernon H. Heywood, Richard K. Brummitt, Ole Seberg, and Alastair Culham. ''Flowering Plant Families of the World''. Firefly Books: Ontario, Canada. (2007). ISBN 978-1-55407-206-4.〕 The family is divided into four genera, which together comprise 20 or 21 species.〔Hiroshi Azuma and Hiroshi Tobe. 2011. "Molecular phylogenetic analyses of Tofieldiaceae (Alismatales): family circumscription and intergeneric relationships". ''Journal of Plant Research'' 124(3):349-357. 〕 They are small, herbaceous plants, mostly of arctic and subarctic regions, but a few extend further south, and one genus is endemic to northern South America and Florida. ''Tofieldia pusilla'' is sometimes grown as an ornamental.〔Anthony Huxley, Mark Griffiths, and Margot Levy (1992). ''The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening''. The Macmillan Press,Limited: London. The Stockton Press: New York. ISBN 978-0-333-47494-5 (set).〕
William Hudson (1730-1793) named ''Tofieldia'' for the British botanist Thomas Tofield (1730–1779).〔Umberto Quattrocchi. 2000. ''CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names'' volume IV. CRC Press: Boca Raton; New York; Washington,DC;, USA. London, UK. ISBN 978-0-8493-2673-8 (set). (see ''External links'' below).〕 The family Tofieldiaceae was erected by Armen Takhtajan in 1995.〔Tofieldiaceae. At: International Plant Names Index. (see ''External links'' below).〕 Molecular phylogenetic studies of DNA sequences have shown it to be the second diverging clade in Alismatales, after the most basal clade, the family Araceae.〔Peter F. Stevens (2001 onwards). "Tofieldiaceae" At: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. At: Botanical Databases At: Missouri Botanical Garden Website. (see ''External links'' below)〕 Before the segregation of Tofieldiaceae was confirmed by cladistic methods, its genera had usually been assigned to Nartheciaceae,〔Minoru N. Tamura. 1998. "Nartheciaceae" pages ??. In: Klaus Kubitzki (general editor) with Klaus Kubitzki, Herbert F.J. Huber, Paula J. Rudall, Peter F. Stevens, and Thomas Stützel (volume editors). ''The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants'' volume III. Springer-Verlag: Berlin;Heidelberg, Germany. ISBN 978-3-540-64060-8 (vol. III).〕 Liliaceae,〔Frederick H. Utech, Loran C. Anderson, and John C. Packer. 2002. pages 5-6. In: "Liliaceae". pages ??. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee. ''Flora of North America'' vol. 26. Oxford University Press: UK. ISBN 978-0-19-513729-3 (vol. 22). (see ''External links'' below).〕 or Melanthiaceae. Tofieldiaceae is recognized by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group in their APG III system of plant classification.
The circumscription of genera in Tofieldiaceae has been controversial. Many authors do not recognize ''Triantha'' as a separate genus from ''Tofieldia''.〔〔David J. Mabberley. 2008. ''Mabberley's Plant-Book'' third edition (2008). Cambridge University Press: UK. ISBN 978-0-521-82071-4〕〔Armen L. Takhtajan (Takhtadzhian). ''Flowering Plants'' second edition (2009). Springer Science+Business Media. ISBN 978-1-4020-9608-2.〕 A few authors have sunk other genera into ''Tofieldia'' as well.〔Wendy B. Zomlefer. 1997. "The genera of Tofieldiaceae in the southeastern United States". ''Harvard Papers in Botany''. 2:179-194.〕 A phylogenetic analysis, based on two nuclear genes and ten chloroplast genes, has confirmed that all five of the genera are monophyletic and that ''Triantha'' and ''Tofieldia'' are close sisters.〔
== Description ==
Small herbaceous perennials. Leaves equitant (distichous and overlapping), isobifacial. Inflorescence a raceme. Calyculus present. Tepals free. Fruit a capsule, usually septicidal.
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