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Tolbachik
Tolbachik is a volcanic complex on the Kamchatka Peninsula in the far east of Russia. It consists of two volcanoes, Plosky (''flat'') Tolbachik (3,085 m) and Ostry (''sharp'') Tolbachik (3,682 m), which as the names suggest are respectively a flat-topped shield volcano and a peaked stratovolcano.〔("Tolbachik" ) summitpost.org. Retrieved 2011-11-26.〕 As Ostry is the mountain's highest point, the entire mountain is often referred to as "Ostry Tolbachik", not to be confused with Ostry a separate volcano to the north also on the Kamchatka Peninsula.
== Activity ==
Its eruptive history stretches back thousands of years, but the most notable eruption occurred in 1975, commonly known as "The Great Tolbachik Fissure Eruption". It was preceded by an earthquake swarm, which led to a successful prediction of the eruption by scientists from the Russian Institute of Volcanology. The eruption created several new cinder cones, and in terms of volume of lava emitted was Kamchatka's largest basaltic eruption in historic times.
On November 27, 2012 an eruption started from 2 fissures of a strombolian type. Basaltic lava flows move relatively fast and already flooded some buildings 4 km away. Eruption continued for more than a month, as lava continued to flow from the fissures.〔Edwards Ben, Belousov Alexander, Belousova Marina, Volynets Anna, Melnikov Dmitry, Chirkov Sergey, Senyukov Sergey, Gordeev Evgenii, Muraviev Yaroslav, Izbekov Pavel, Demianchuk Yury (2013) (Another “Great Tolbachik” Eruption? ) // Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union. V. 94, № 21. P. 189-191. - ISSN Print: 00963941. - doi: 10.1002/2013EO210002.〕〔Volynets Anna, Melnikov Dmitry, Yakushev Anton, Tolstykh Maria (2013) (Petrology and geochemistry of the New Tolbachik Fissure Eruption volcanic rocks and their evolution during the first two weeks of eruption ) // IAVCEI 2013 Scientific Assembly, July 20–24, Kagoshima, Japan. P. 743.〕〔Volynets A. O., Melnikov D. V., Yakushev A. I. (2013) (First data on composition of the volcanic rocks of the IVS 50th anniversary Fissure Tolbachik eruption (Kamchatka) ) // Doklady Earth Sciences. V. 452, № 1. P. 953-957. doi: 10.1134/S1028334X13090201.〕 Lava flowed up to 20 kilometers (12 miles) from a line of fissures on the volcano’s southern flank. (This satellite image ) was collected on December 22, 2012. According to the (Kamchatka Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) ), the eruption is ongoing.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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