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The ''Tolkāppiyam'' ((タミル語:தொல்காப்பியம்)) is a work on the grammar of the Tamil language and the earliest extant work of Tamil literature〔 * Zvelebil, Kamil. 1973. The smile of Murugan on Tamil literature of South India. Leiden: Brill. - Zvelebil dates the ''Ur-Tolkappiyam'' to the 1st or 2nd century BCE〕 and linguistics. It is written in the form of ''noorpaa'' or short formulaic compositions and comprises three books – the ''Ezhuttadikaram'', the ''Solladikaram'' and the ''Poruladikaram''. Each of these books is further divided into nine chapters each. While the exact date of the work is not known, based on linguistic and other evidence, it has been dated variously between the third century BCE and the 10th century CE. Some modern scholars prefer to date it not as a single entity but in parts or layers. There is also no firm evidence to assign the authorship of this treatise to any one author. ''Tolkappiyam'', deals with orthography, phonology, morphology, semantics, prosody and the subject matter of literature. The Tolkāppiyam classifies the Tamil language into ''sentamil'' and ''koduntamil''. The former refers to the classical Tamil used almost exclusively in literary works and the latter refers to the dialectal Tamil, spoken by the people in the various regions of ancient Tamilagam.〔According to latter commentators, there were twelve regions (''panniru nilam'') which were the sources of the dialectisms. Zvelebil, Smile of Murugan, p 132.〕 Tolkappiyam categorises alphabet into consonants and vowels by analysing the syllables. It grammatises the use of words and syntaxes and moves into higher modes of language analysis. The Tolkāppiyam formulated thirty phonemes and three dependent sounds for Tamil. ==Etymology of the name== The name ''Tolkāppiyam'' derived from the combination of the two words ''Tonmai'' and ''kāppiyam''. ''Tonmai'' means ancientness and ''Kappiam'' means literature. Derivation of ''Tolkāppiyam'' from root words as per the rules defined in ''Nannūl'' verse 136.〔''Nannūl'' by Pavanandhi Munivar〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Tolkāppiyam」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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