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The Tolowa people or Taa-laa-wa Dee-ni’ are a Native American people of the Athabaskan-speaking ethnolinguistic group. They still reside in their traditional territories in northwestern California and southern Oregon. Tolowa are members of the federally recognized Tolowa Dee-ni’ Nation,〔(The Smith River Rancheria. ) (retrieved 8 April 2009)〕 Elk Valley Rancheria, Confederated Tribes of Siletz, Trinidad Rancheria,〔("Cher-Ae Heights Indian Community of the Trinidad Rancheria." ) ''Alliance for California Traditional Arts.'' 2009. Retrieved 26 June 2012.〕 as well as the unrecognized Tolowa Nation.〔(California Indians and Their Reservations. ) ''San Diego State University Library and Information Access.'' 2009 (retrieved 8 April 2009)〕 ==History== Their homeland, Taa-laa-waa-dvn (“Tolowa ancestral-land”) lies along the Pacific Coast between the water sheds of Wilson Creek and Smith River basin and vicinity in northwestern California and the Winchuck, Chetco, Pistol, Rogue, Elk and Sixes Rivers, extending inland up the Rogue River throughout the Applegate Valley in southwestern Oregon in the United States; roughly what are today Curry, Josephine and Del Norte Counties. The area was bounded by Port Orford, Oregon to the north and Wilson Creek, north of the Klamath River, in California to the south. They lived in approximately eight permanent villages in what is now California and Oregon, including on Crescent Bay and Lake Earl.〔 The most important Tolowa village is ''Yan’-daa-k’vt''. Their tribal neighbors are the Coquille and Umpqua to the north, Takelma, Shasta and Karuk to the east and the Yurok to the south. The name "Tolowa" is derived from ''Taa-laa-welh (Taa-laa-wa)'', an Algic name given to them by the Yurok (Klamath River People), meaning "I speak Tolowa". Their autonym is ''Xus'' or ''Xvsh'', meaning "person" or "human being".〔Pritzker, Barry M. A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. ISBN 978-0-19-513877-1, p. 147〕 Their Karuk name, ''yuh'ára'', "Indian from downriver" was also used for the Yurok. They called themselves in a political sense also ''Dee-ni’'', which means "(is a) citizen of a ''yvtlh-’i~'' (polity)". The ancient ''Dee-ni’ Taa-laa-waa-dvn'' was divided into various ''yvtlh-’i~''. They have traditionally spoken Taa-laa-wa Dee-ni' Wee-ya' (Tolowa Dee-ni' Language), the Tolowa language, one of the Athapaskan languages. Their subsistence was oriented around riverine and marine resources and acorns. Their society was not formally stratified, but considerable emphasis was put on personal wealth. Tolowa villages were organized around a headman and usually consisted of related men. The men brought wives in from neighboring tribes. The brides were usually related (sisters), in order for the wealth to remain in the paternal families. The Tolowa or Dee-ni’ population exceeded ten-thousand. Epidemics hit the Tolowa before face-to-face contact with non-natives. Jedediah Smith and his exploration party were the first known non-native to contact the Tolowa in 1828. During the 1850s, over half of the Tolowa people died from disease and mass murders by Anglo-Americans, such as the Yontoket Massacre and the Achulet Massacre. In 1860, after the Chetco/Rogue River War, 600 Tolowas were forcibly relocated to Indian reservations in Oregon. Later, some were moved to the Hoopa Valley Reservation in California. The tribe embraced the Ghost Dance religion from 1872 to 1882.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Tolowa」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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